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[Music]

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[Applause]

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welcome to the exoplanets plenary

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session at apps icon today I'm Carl stop

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Oh felt from the exoplanet exploration

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program office at the Jet Propulsion

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Laboratory my co-chair this morning is

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Sean Domino Goldman here from the

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Goddard Space Flight Center so as you

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saw from yesterday's sessions and I

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think you're gonna see a lot more during

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today's session a remote telescopic

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study of exoplanets and their

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environments is a really major way we

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can advance the science of astrobiology

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and we can go beyond just the limited

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number of settings in our own solar

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system for this we can go to a full

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universe galaxy of planets which now has

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past 4,000 that have been confirmed by a

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number of methods so the pace of that is

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doubling every two and a half years so

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there's a very bright future for

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astrobiology in exoplanets so the

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missions that take place in NASA and

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European Space Agency's that that are

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related to exoplanets are shown on this

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graph here so this includes some

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general-purpose telescopes like Hubble

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and Spitzer and Gaia that as well as

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dedicated missions like Koro Kepler and

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the recently launched test mission and

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there are many more as you can see on

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the arcs that are missions approved for

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building into the future so there's a

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lot happening in exoplanets but only

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right now the James Webb Space Telescope

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is among these that can do exoplanet bio

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signatures in habitability so the

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question is what is going to come after

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these all right all these arcs are

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leading to something in the question is

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what well the United States has a

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decadal survey of astronomy and

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astrophysics that will decide what the

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next mission should be across the

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discipline and for exoplanets every 10

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years they do this and that survey is

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starting up now so the anticipation of

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that NASA headquarters about four years

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ago chartered for large mission studies

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that could go and do potentially

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exoplanet astronomy these all have

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dozens of people a millions of dollars

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invested in them

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and they will provide mission concepts

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in detail to the decadal survey to

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evaluate so these are the ones that we

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want to talk about in this session today

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after leading off with the James Webb

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Space Telescope and you'll see that they

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could do some very groundbreaking work

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for astrobiology so this session is

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intended to inform you about those

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mission concepts and JWST and get you

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thinking about what should be next so

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here's the outlook for the rest of the

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session we're going to start next with

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Vicki Meadows who is our overall

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astrobiology conference chair who will

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be talking about the James Webb Space

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Telescope and what it would do for our

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understanding of exoplanet habitability

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and bio signatures Vicki Thank You Carl

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okay so that's not what I was expecting

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I get my talk up all right so while the

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talk is coming up I just oh there we go

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perfect okay so I'm gonna talk about

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prospects for habitability and biasing

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to detection with JWST this is JWST we

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have built it it's a very large

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telescope it should launch fingers

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crossed in on the 30th of March in 2020

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one has a six and a half meter mirror

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that's the biggest thing at least us

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civilians have put up there it has an

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infrared to emit infrared wavelength

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range and the reason that's important

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for us as exoplanet people is that there

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are a lot of molecules in that

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wavelength range that were potentially

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sensitive to so JWST will be able to I

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believe based on on modeling and

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anticipation and multiple groups do that

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it will be able to probe the atmosphere

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of terrestrial planets and the primary

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way it will do this is via a technique

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called transmission spectroscopy so in

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that technique the planet passes in

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front of the star and it blocks out

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light from the star and so JWST will not

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have the capability to image the planet

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around the star it will not be able to

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see a pale blue dot sitting next to a

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bright star instead

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will observe the star and see how the

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star dims as the planet passes in front

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of it the way we study the atmosphere is

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by looking not just for the dimming due

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to the solid body of the planet but for

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any additional wavelength dependent

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dimming that comes from opacity sources

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in the atmosphere so if there's no

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atmosphere you get a certain fraction of

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the light of the star blocked out just

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by the solid you know geology of the

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planet but if there's a molecule in the

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atmosphere at a wavelength that the

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molecule absorbs you will see the planet

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appear to get bigger because the

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atmosphere is now also absorbing the

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radiation coming from the star as it

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gets passed through the atmosphere

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towards the observer so essentially what

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we're doing with it with transmission

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spectroscopy is just measuring the size

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of the planet at different wavelengths

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and at some wavelengths is just the

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solid-body and at others you'll see this

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extra opacity from molecules in the

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atmosphere so I said that and it sounds

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like it's trivial but actually it's a

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very big challenge and I like to put

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this shot up of the Earth's atmosphere

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so we call this the problem of the thin

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blue line I told you we were looking for

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that extra opacity from the atmosphere

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well there it is okay you can see the

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fraction of extra opacity we're looking

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for and so we measure that extra opacity

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basically imparts per million of dimming

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of the star so because of this thin blue

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line problem we are going to favor

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studying planets that orbit M dwarf

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stars so these are smaller stars and it

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means we can block out a larger fraction

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of the star's light and therefore get a

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bigger relative signal even if we have a

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small planet with a very thin atmosphere

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and so JWST will prefer to observe M

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dwarfs which of these much smaller stars

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the star that is the the top target for

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exoplanet habitability and biasing your

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studies with Jada JWST will be the

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Trappist one system so Travis woman is a

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star that's like right at the very edge

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of stardom it's almost a Brenda Worf

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it's not much bigger than Jupiter and so

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when it has earth sized planets orbiting

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around it they're essentially blocking

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out light from something that's only the

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size of Jupiter so that gives us a lot

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more sensitivity to the atmosphere

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so not only is it just one planet

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blocking out the star but we have seven

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in this system and that's just a

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beautiful experiment we have three in

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the conservative habitable zone and

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another one sitting in the optimistic

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habitable zone and so if we can observe

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their atmospheres we can actually do

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tests observational tests for the limits

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of the habitable zone that we have some

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interior more venus like and one

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exterior as well so we try to observe

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these planets already and here's some

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spectra taken by jws are taken by HST

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and Spitzer those are the little dots on

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there that you can see and these are

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shown to not fit a model that has a

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hydrogen dominated atmosphere and so

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what we figured out already is that we

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haven't actually detected the atmosphere

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but we have been able to constrain it

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and say it's not a big puffy hydrogen

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dominated atmosphere it's more likely to

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be terrestrial and so that's a very

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important point that we have there and I

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also want to point out El Sudoku is

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going to talk about new observations

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that have been taken that actually help

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us constrain whether or not this planet

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has something more like a terrestrial

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atmosphere so I encourage you to see her

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talk so we're observing planets orbiting

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M dwarfs and that's fascinating from

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another standpoint because M dwarfs

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undergo a very different luminosity

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evolution to our star the Sun and so

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around our star our star started out dim

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and it brightened and as it did so it

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took the planet Venus and turn it into

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an uninhabitable world like what I call

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the popcorn of the solar system right so

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Venus is in that state for M dwarfs what

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happens is that the star starts out very

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very bright and then collapses down to

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its final main sequence size and then is

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dimmer and then starts to brighten very

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gradually from there so pretty much all

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of the planets that we see in the

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habitable zone of M dwarf stars have

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undergone that popcorn stage very early

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on so they've all been subjected to very

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high levels of radiation so this is

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fascinating because what we might see

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then or depressing whichever way you

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want to look at it is what we might see

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as a bunch of Venus's that even extend

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throughout the habitable zone but we may

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not see that so the first thing we're

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going to really try and do with JWST is

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for

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are we looking at worlds that went

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popcorn or I'll be looking at worlds

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that were able to retain habitability

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despite all of these processes so I'm

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just very quickly now going to go

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through you know what can we learn about

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these planets with JWST first thing do

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they have atmospheres or has it been

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stripped away by the activity of the

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star it should be pretty straightforward

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to detect atmospheres with JWST and two

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independent groups have actually shown

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that you you're looking at a handful of

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transits across the star that have to be

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Co added to be able to distinguish

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whether or not they in fact have

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terrestrial type atmospheres so that's

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fantastic so we should be able to tell

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whether they have atmospheres or not

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beyond that it gets a little bit harder

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so we might be able to comment outside

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by the way a sort of the universal

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beacon of a terrestrial planet

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atmosphere it shows up at a whole range

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of abundances even you know at

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earth-like abundances in the atmosphere

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so we'll go after carbon dioxide which

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has a very very strong features you can

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see there in the spectra we'll go after

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water vapor although that could be very

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challenging to observe especially with

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the cloud decks that come with water

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vapor and also with the the troposphere

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a cold trap that we like to have to keep

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the water down there so for a habitable

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planet it's going to be relatively

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difficult to observe water vapor in fact

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but you know maybe after 125 transits

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and the bad news is that for traffice

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won't eat is only 81 transits available

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in the entire five-year nominal mission

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of JWST so water it might actually be

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quite hard however we may be able to

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tell if the planet lost an ocean easier

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than telling if the planet has one now

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so we may be able to tell the planet is

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dead better than can tell it is

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habitable so the signs of the ocean that

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we could look for are things called

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collision induced absorption from oxygen

274
00:10:30,460 --> 00:10:28,670
so oxygen molecules batting against each

275
00:10:31,900 --> 00:10:30,470
other when you lose an ocean you build

276
00:10:33,940 --> 00:10:31,910
up huge amounts of oxygen in the

277
00:10:35,410 --> 00:10:33,950
atmosphere because the water vapor goes

278
00:10:37,420 --> 00:10:35,420
up it gets fertilized the hydrogen

279
00:10:39,550 --> 00:10:37,430
escapes whether or not the planet

280
00:10:40,840 --> 00:10:39,560
retains that oxygen atmosphere over

281
00:10:42,610 --> 00:10:40,850
billions of years is an interesting

282
00:10:44,530 --> 00:10:42,620
experiment we can now test observational

283
00:10:45,640 --> 00:10:44,540
ii so we will look for massive amounts

284
00:10:47,110 --> 00:10:45,650
of oxygen that are not due to a

285
00:10:49,720 --> 00:10:47,120
biosphere that might be due to a lost

286
00:10:51,880 --> 00:10:49,730
ocean we could also potentially look for

287
00:10:53,660 --> 00:10:51,890
fractionation things like hto the sort

288
00:10:54,950 --> 00:10:53,670
of signal that we see from Venus

289
00:10:56,570 --> 00:10:54,960
and it turns out that that in

290
00:10:58,730 --> 00:10:56,580
transmission might not be as difficult

291
00:11:00,050 --> 00:10:58,740
to detect as we expect missus work done

292
00:11:02,480 --> 00:11:00,060
by Angeline Kowski and you can see

293
00:11:04,550 --> 00:11:02,490
Andrews talk after the break as well but

294
00:11:07,130 --> 00:11:04,560
we may need only 10 to 12 transits to

295
00:11:08,660 --> 00:11:07,140
actually detect HDO if it's it at the

296
00:11:13,070 --> 00:11:08,670
sort of fractionation enhancement that

297
00:11:14,960 --> 00:11:13,080
Venus has so detecting earth-like oxygen

298
00:11:17,180 --> 00:11:14,970
now moving to biosignatures is unlikely

299
00:11:18,560 --> 00:11:17,190
with JWST and i am very depressed about

300
00:11:20,390 --> 00:11:18,570
that i thought we might be able to do

301
00:11:23,420 --> 00:11:20,400
the 1.2 7 micron band which is much

302
00:11:25,430 --> 00:11:23,430
stronger than the classic 0.76 but

303
00:11:28,010 --> 00:11:25,440
essentially they're pretty much hopeless

304
00:11:30,290 --> 00:11:28,020
so we get signal-to-noise of 1 in 30

305
00:11:31,430 --> 00:11:30,300
transits so 270 transits and I've

306
00:11:34,450 --> 00:11:31,440
already told you that's only 81

307
00:11:38,420 --> 00:11:34,460
available for signal-to-noise or 3 so

308
00:11:39,800 --> 00:11:38,430
you can get other other groups have also

309
00:11:42,770 --> 00:11:39,810
looked at this with a more sort of

310
00:11:46,160 --> 00:11:42,780
optimistic model and they still get 172

311
00:11:49,250 --> 00:11:46,170
so I haven't got high hopes for oxygen

312
00:11:51,140 --> 00:11:49,260
however JWT will be very sensitive to

313
00:11:52,730 --> 00:11:51,150
biogenic levels of methane coming from

314
00:11:54,590 --> 00:11:52,740
the planet because methane builds up in

315
00:11:56,180 --> 00:11:54,600
the atmosphere of M dome of planets due

316
00:11:58,040 --> 00:11:56,190
to the spectrum of the star which

317
00:12:01,250 --> 00:11:58,050
doesn't destroy methane as effectively

318
00:12:02,900 --> 00:12:01,260
in its reactions so we might be able to

319
00:12:04,550 --> 00:12:02,910
do you know methane a very strong

320
00:12:06,500 --> 00:12:04,560
methane pretty easily in about 50

321
00:12:08,240 --> 00:12:06,510
transits still a huge fraction of the

322
00:12:09,200 --> 00:12:08,250
amount available but hey we'll be

323
00:12:12,950 --> 00:12:09,210
detecting something that's potentially

324
00:12:15,140 --> 00:12:12,960
biogenic so we may also the bio

325
00:12:16,610 --> 00:12:15,150
signatures we might see our co2 and

326
00:12:18,110 --> 00:12:16,620
methane disequilibrium and something

327
00:12:19,940 --> 00:12:18,120
this is something that judge Kristensen

328
00:12:22,730 --> 00:12:19,950
totten has pointed out if you have

329
00:12:24,290 --> 00:12:22,740
biogenic methane fluxes it tends to

330
00:12:26,660 --> 00:12:24,300
produce a much larger amount of methane

331
00:12:28,820 --> 00:12:26,670
in the atmosphere so we may be able to

332
00:12:30,200 --> 00:12:28,830
detect that and Giada has worked on and

333
00:12:32,330 --> 00:12:30,210
showing that that could also form a haze

334
00:12:35,030 --> 00:12:32,340
which would also be sort of a bio

335
00:12:36,290 --> 00:12:35,040
signature of measure as well detecting

336
00:12:38,090 --> 00:12:36,300
much more complex biosignatures

337
00:12:39,920 --> 00:12:38,100
molecules though is hard we've looked at

338
00:12:41,540 --> 00:12:39,930
work that Shawn did looking at sulfur

339
00:12:43,670 --> 00:12:41,550
biospheres looking for things like

340
00:12:45,470 --> 00:12:43,680
ethane and dimethyl sulfide they do

341
00:12:47,360 --> 00:12:45,480
produce features in the spectrum but you

342
00:12:50,000 --> 00:12:47,370
can see there from the error bars that

343
00:12:51,410 --> 00:12:50,010
in the the the range of the longer

344
00:12:54,320 --> 00:12:51,420
wavelength instrument we really aren't

345
00:12:55,820 --> 00:12:54,330
sensitive to these but I also point out

346
00:12:57,620 --> 00:12:55,830
there that ironically if the planet has

347
00:12:59,360 --> 00:12:57,630
a haze we actually get a bigger signal

348
00:13:01,400 --> 00:12:59,370
because the haze photochemically

349
00:13:02,730 --> 00:13:01,410
protects those more complex molecules

350
00:13:04,740 --> 00:13:02,740
from being destroyed

351
00:13:06,720 --> 00:13:04,750
so in summary for biasing interest we

352
00:13:07,800 --> 00:13:06,730
won't get oxygen we might get co2 and

353
00:13:09,750 --> 00:13:07,810
methane we might be able to pull a

354
00:13:11,960 --> 00:13:09,760
disequilibrium out of a sort of early

355
00:13:13,830 --> 00:13:11,970
earth type atmosphere we may get haze

356
00:13:15,990 --> 00:13:13,840
but we're not gonna get probably the

357
00:13:17,610 --> 00:13:16,000
more complicated things so I'll leave my

358
00:13:19,380 --> 00:13:17,620
summary out there of what we will get

359
00:13:20,790 --> 00:13:19,390
so we'll get first detection of

360
00:13:23,070 --> 00:13:20,800
terrestrial atmospheres first detection

361
00:13:25,080 --> 00:13:23,080
of gases possible confirmation of past

362
00:13:27,780 --> 00:13:25,090
or current ocean loss maybe a co2

363
00:13:30,360 --> 00:13:27,790
methane biosignature but we will not get

364
00:13:32,460 --> 00:13:30,370
definitive indication of current

365
00:13:34,500 --> 00:13:32,470
habitability or if like oxygen 'ok

366
00:13:35,820 --> 00:13:34,510
further synthesis and so for that i'm

367
00:13:46,560 --> 00:13:35,830
looking forward to the future main

368
00:13:48,660 --> 00:13:46,570
missions that will come Thank You Vicki

369
00:13:49,950 --> 00:13:48,670
next up we'll have Kevin Stevenson from

370
00:13:51,630 --> 00:13:49,960
the Space Telescope Science Institute

371
00:13:53,940 --> 00:13:51,640
who will be telling us about all the

372
00:13:58,400 --> 00:13:53,950
wonderful things the origins mission

373
00:14:00,360 --> 00:13:58,410
concept can do for exoplanets Kevin

374
00:14:02,550 --> 00:14:00,370
alright before I get started I'd like to

375
00:14:04,980 --> 00:14:02,560
thank Tiffany kantaria and Jonathan

376
00:14:06,660 --> 00:14:04,990
Fortney who are co-leads of the

377
00:14:13,170 --> 00:14:06,670
exoplanet science working group and also

378
00:14:15,660 --> 00:14:13,180
the members of the working group here ok

379
00:14:17,310 --> 00:14:15,670
so the origin space telescope is from

380
00:14:19,130 --> 00:14:17,320
the community by the community and for

381
00:14:21,540 --> 00:14:19,140
the community and what I mean by that is

382
00:14:23,340 --> 00:14:21,550
originally the original space telescope

383
00:14:25,470 --> 00:14:23,350
was a far infrared surveyor mission

384
00:14:27,360 --> 00:14:25,480
concept and it was really designed the

385
00:14:30,390 --> 00:14:27,370
process of the astrophysics roadmap back

386
00:14:32,130 --> 00:14:30,400
in 2013 and it has involved forward into

387
00:14:33,930 --> 00:14:32,140
this origin Space Telescope mission

388
00:14:35,400 --> 00:14:33,940
concept where we're focusing not only on

389
00:14:37,080 --> 00:14:35,410
the foreign threat but also in the mid

390
00:14:39,480 --> 00:14:37,090
infrared and is brought to you by

391
00:14:41,550 --> 00:14:39,490
community members so members of the

392
00:14:43,500 --> 00:14:41,560
astrophysics community and astrobiology

393
00:14:45,090 --> 00:14:43,510
community have been involved in the

394
00:14:47,160 --> 00:14:45,100
science technology definition team

395
00:14:48,960 --> 00:14:47,170
planning out these observations and

396
00:14:50,940 --> 00:14:48,970
designing the mission concept and really

397
00:14:53,520 --> 00:14:50,950
it will be for the community before

398
00:14:55,080 --> 00:14:53,530
everyone who can propose for telescope

399
00:14:56,400 --> 00:14:55,090
time about half of the telescope time

400
00:14:58,410 --> 00:14:56,410
available will be open to the community

401
00:15:01,140 --> 00:14:58,420
so they can perform their own guest

402
00:15:03,270 --> 00:15:01,150
observer observations now there are

403
00:15:04,830 --> 00:15:03,280
three high-level scientific questions

404
00:15:06,510 --> 00:15:04,840
that the astrophysics division is

405
00:15:07,980 --> 00:15:06,520
interested in answering and those

406
00:15:09,780 --> 00:15:07,990
questions are how did you do how does

407
00:15:12,240 --> 00:15:09,790
the universe work how did we get here

408
00:15:13,830 --> 00:15:12,250
and are we alone in the universe and so

409
00:15:15,390 --> 00:15:13,840
the origin space telescope is looking to

410
00:15:15,630 --> 00:15:15,400
address those three questions but I'm

411
00:15:17,340 --> 00:15:15,640
going to

412
00:15:19,830 --> 00:15:17,350
focus on the third one here and I'm

413
00:15:22,740 --> 00:15:19,840
gonna reframe that into a question about

414
00:15:25,020 --> 00:15:22,750
M Dwarfs do planets orbitting M dwarf

415
00:15:26,100 --> 00:15:25,030
stars support life that is a question

416
00:15:28,530 --> 00:15:26,110
that we're looking to answer with

417
00:15:29,820 --> 00:15:28,540
origins before we get into that let me

418
00:15:31,740 --> 00:15:29,830
talk a little bit about these M dwarf

419
00:15:33,450 --> 00:15:31,750
stars Vicki gave a great introduction to

420
00:15:36,180 --> 00:15:33,460
the Trappist one system and I'm showing

421
00:15:38,460 --> 00:15:36,190
you here the Sun and Travis one on scale

422
00:15:40,710 --> 00:15:38,470
is roughly the size of Jupiter as Vicki

423
00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:40,720
mentioned so M dwarfs are very common

424
00:15:45,240 --> 00:15:43,210
within the galaxy about 75% of stars

425
00:15:46,740 --> 00:15:45,250
within fifteen parsecs which are those

426
00:15:48,570 --> 00:15:46,750
that we want to actually look at in

427
00:15:52,440 --> 00:15:48,580
terms of characterizing planets in their

428
00:15:54,570 --> 00:15:52,450
the atmospheres of planets and so and a

429
00:15:56,160 --> 00:15:54,580
lot of these and planets around M dwarfs

430
00:15:57,750 --> 00:15:56,170
are rocky as we've seen with the

431
00:15:59,760 --> 00:15:57,760
Trappist one system where we have seven

432
00:16:02,010 --> 00:15:59,770
planets of which three possibly four are

433
00:16:04,830 --> 00:16:02,020
in the habitable zone so we have a huge

434
00:16:06,750 --> 00:16:04,840
advantage of these transiting small

435
00:16:08,340 --> 00:16:06,760
rocky planets around these M Dwarfs

436
00:16:10,860 --> 00:16:08,350
they're close into the habit of zone

437
00:16:12,900 --> 00:16:10,870
have a high transit probability and also

438
00:16:14,070 --> 00:16:12,910
larger transit depths now this is

439
00:16:15,480 --> 00:16:14,080
actually very important when you're

440
00:16:16,920 --> 00:16:15,490
talking about the signal sizes that

441
00:16:18,930 --> 00:16:16,930
you're looking for now in case you

442
00:16:21,360 --> 00:16:18,940
missed it with Vicky's talk just

443
00:16:23,040 --> 00:16:21,370
beforehand the transit technique is when

444
00:16:24,900 --> 00:16:23,050
the planet crosses in front of the star

445
00:16:26,250 --> 00:16:24,910
and blocks out some of that light and

446
00:16:28,500 --> 00:16:26,260
what we're interested in is that little

447
00:16:31,260 --> 00:16:28,510
sliver of light around sort of an

448
00:16:33,630 --> 00:16:31,270
annulus of the planet and so the transit

449
00:16:35,970 --> 00:16:33,640
signal goes over 1 over the radius of

450
00:16:38,250 --> 00:16:35,980
the star squared so by decreasing the

451
00:16:40,170 --> 00:16:38,260
size of the star we really improve and

452
00:16:43,440 --> 00:16:40,180
increase the size of the signal that

453
00:16:46,950 --> 00:16:43,450
we're looking for so as of a couple of

454
00:16:49,620 --> 00:16:46,960
weeks ago June 2019 there are over 4,000

455
00:16:51,360 --> 00:16:49,630
confirmed exoplanets 3/4 of which have

456
00:16:53,790 --> 00:16:51,370
been discovered using the transit

457
00:16:55,560 --> 00:16:53,800
technique now a full one-third of those

458
00:16:57,180 --> 00:16:55,570
that's a thousand planets are

459
00:16:59,550 --> 00:16:57,190
terrestrial in nature and by that I mean

460
00:17:03,030 --> 00:16:59,560
they have rocky services most likely

461
00:17:06,180 --> 00:17:03,040
with a thin or slightly can copaque

462
00:17:07,650 --> 00:17:06,190
atmosphere now moving forward beyond

463
00:17:08,939 --> 00:17:07,660
that we have the test mission which is

464
00:17:10,860 --> 00:17:08,949
currently looking for transiting

465
00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:10,870
exoplanets and already they found almost

466
00:17:17,490 --> 00:17:13,810
800 exoplanet candidates many of which

467
00:17:18,720 --> 00:17:17,500
will go on to be confirmed okay so what

468
00:17:20,579 --> 00:17:18,730
are the advantages of the transit

469
00:17:22,350 --> 00:17:20,589
technique first of all we have a mass

470
00:17:24,120 --> 00:17:22,360
and a radius those are two fundamental

471
00:17:25,540 --> 00:17:24,130
properties that we gain from measuring

472
00:17:27,220 --> 00:17:25,550
the size of the planet

473
00:17:29,200 --> 00:17:27,230
the masses with the radial velocity or

474
00:17:31,360 --> 00:17:29,210
transit timing variations and what that

475
00:17:33,610 --> 00:17:31,370
gives us is a bulk density here that

476
00:17:35,950 --> 00:17:33,620
that allows us to understand or put the

477
00:17:37,540 --> 00:17:35,960
the planet into context and to assess

478
00:17:40,330 --> 00:17:37,550
whether or not the planet actually has

479
00:17:43,300 --> 00:17:40,340
an atmosphere is predominantly rocky or

480
00:17:45,160 --> 00:17:43,310
perhaps is a big ball of gas so here I'm

481
00:17:48,160 --> 00:17:45,170
showing you mass radius diagram of the

482
00:17:50,110 --> 00:17:48,170
Trappist one system and these constant

483
00:17:52,570 --> 00:17:50,120
density curves you can see I also have

484
00:17:54,700 --> 00:17:52,580
Earth and Venus for reference and so

485
00:17:56,680 --> 00:17:54,710
many of the planets in the Trappist 1

486
00:17:58,780 --> 00:17:56,690
system are above that grey line which

487
00:18:00,550 --> 00:17:58,790
suggests that they're volatile rich so

488
00:18:02,140 --> 00:18:00,560
it's likely these planets have a

489
00:18:04,750 --> 00:18:02,150
significant amount of water in their

490
00:18:06,700 --> 00:18:04,760
atmospheres now this is a very good sign

491
00:18:08,440 --> 00:18:06,710
if this holds true with more precise

492
00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:08,450
measurements because then that suggests

493
00:18:14,560 --> 00:18:10,010
that these systems are not in that sort

494
00:18:16,120 --> 00:18:14,570
of popcorn state all right so the

495
00:18:18,280 --> 00:18:16,130
mid-infrared is one of the key

496
00:18:19,420 --> 00:18:18,290
wavelength ranges that were interested

497
00:18:21,040 --> 00:18:19,430
particularly for the search of

498
00:18:22,660 --> 00:18:21,050
biosignatures now if you want to

499
00:18:25,060 --> 00:18:22,670
actually measure photons being emitted

500
00:18:28,930 --> 00:18:25,070
from a planet you have to go into the

501
00:18:31,330 --> 00:18:28,940
infrared stars like our Sun it emit in

502
00:18:33,160 --> 00:18:31,340
the optical but AC go down to cooler and

503
00:18:35,890 --> 00:18:33,170
cooler planets this spectral radiance

504
00:18:37,690 --> 00:18:35,900
curve here indicates that at 250 Kelvin

505
00:18:39,910 --> 00:18:37,700
you really want to be focusing on that 7

506
00:18:42,010 --> 00:18:39,920
to 15 micron range that's where the the

507
00:18:44,410 --> 00:18:42,020
sort of the sweet spot is for measuring

508
00:18:48,700 --> 00:18:44,420
photons with respect to whatever the

509
00:18:51,070 --> 00:18:48,710
whatever star you're orbiting so here we

510
00:18:52,900 --> 00:18:51,080
have this instead of a blackbody curve

511
00:18:54,700 --> 00:18:52,910
this is an actual stimulated emission

512
00:18:57,280 --> 00:18:54,710
spectrum of the earth and you can see

513
00:18:59,200 --> 00:18:57,290
that it Peaks around 10 microns and all

514
00:19:01,330 --> 00:18:59,210
of the features that I'm showing here we

515
00:19:03,550 --> 00:19:01,340
have habitability indicators for example

516
00:19:05,350 --> 00:19:03,560
like carbon dioxide and water and also

517
00:19:07,630 --> 00:19:05,360
bio signature pairs for example like

518
00:19:09,790 --> 00:19:07,640
ozone and nitrous oxide our zone and

519
00:19:11,800 --> 00:19:09,800
methane and all of them are in the mid

520
00:19:13,440 --> 00:19:11,810
infrared wavelengths so if we if we

521
00:19:15,640 --> 00:19:13,450
really want to be searching for

522
00:19:18,820 --> 00:19:15,650
biosignatures this is the optimum

523
00:19:20,290 --> 00:19:18,830
wavelength range to search for so going

524
00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:20,300
back to this question do planets

525
00:19:25,680 --> 00:19:22,010
orbitting m dwarf star support life

526
00:19:29,050 --> 00:19:25,690
really what we wanted understand is is

527
00:19:30,790 --> 00:19:29,060
building up a a signal to noise that we

528
00:19:32,950 --> 00:19:30,800
can actually make a definitive

529
00:19:34,750 --> 00:19:32,960
measurement for these molecules and as

530
00:19:36,850 --> 00:19:34,760
Vicki pointed out we need a large number

531
00:19:39,039 --> 00:19:36,860
of transits to do that in

532
00:19:41,470 --> 00:19:39,049
many cases we'll need at least 40

533
00:19:43,480 --> 00:19:41,480
transit observations if not more to

534
00:19:45,460 --> 00:19:43,490
improve the signal to such a point we

535
00:19:47,380 --> 00:19:45,470
can make a definitive detection so I'm

536
00:19:48,610 --> 00:19:47,390
showing you the relative transit depth

537
00:19:50,950 --> 00:19:48,620
this is when the planet goes in front of

538
00:19:53,110 --> 00:19:50,960
the star as a function of wavelength and

539
00:19:54,490 --> 00:19:53,120
the signal-to-noise improves as we

540
00:19:55,840 --> 00:19:54,500
increase the number of transits so here

541
00:19:57,850 --> 00:19:55,850
I'm just showing you a case of 40

542
00:19:59,410 --> 00:19:57,860
transits and depending on the brightness

543
00:20:01,810 --> 00:19:59,420
of star we make me may need

544
00:20:05,380 --> 00:20:01,820
significantly more and also depending on

545
00:20:08,140 --> 00:20:05,390
the molecule so this is where the origin

546
00:20:10,120 --> 00:20:08,150
space telescope was designed with the

547
00:20:12,190 --> 00:20:10,130
James Webb Space Telescope there are

548
00:20:14,049 --> 00:20:12,200
only probably going to be about 80 to 85

549
00:20:15,640 --> 00:20:14,059
transit observations available of the

550
00:20:17,710 --> 00:20:15,650
Trappist 1e system over its lifetime

551
00:20:19,419 --> 00:20:17,720
with origins it's being designed with

552
00:20:21,880 --> 00:20:19,429
larger field of regard this will allow

553
00:20:24,940 --> 00:20:21,890
you to obtain more transits that were

554
00:20:26,549 --> 00:20:24,950
given in the year and therefore build up

555
00:20:28,450 --> 00:20:26,559
to higher signals noise

556
00:20:30,310 --> 00:20:28,460
additionally origins will have

557
00:20:32,860 --> 00:20:30,320
simultaneous wavelength coverage this

558
00:20:34,870 --> 00:20:32,870
will go from 3 to 20 microns and enable

559
00:20:36,400 --> 00:20:34,880
you to measure key spectroscopic

560
00:20:38,740 --> 00:20:36,410
signatures like the ones that I've

561
00:20:40,240 --> 00:20:38,750
discussing prior and also it will have

562
00:20:42,159 --> 00:20:40,250
an instrument designed specifically for

563
00:20:45,039 --> 00:20:42,169
high-precision time series observations

564
00:20:47,260 --> 00:20:45,049
this means higher throughput with the

565
00:20:49,570 --> 00:20:47,270
detector and lower noise floor which is

566
00:20:51,280 --> 00:20:49,580
actually a key question as to how well

567
00:20:53,200 --> 00:20:51,290
the instruments on James Webb will

568
00:20:55,330 --> 00:20:53,210
perform and really we won't be able to

569
00:20:57,070 --> 00:20:55,340
answer that question until we move

570
00:20:59,500 --> 00:20:57,080
forward and do the observations in a

571
00:21:02,409 --> 00:20:59,510
couple of years so here I'm showing you

572
00:21:04,299 --> 00:21:02,419
comparison between James Webb on the top

573
00:21:06,100 --> 00:21:04,309
and Origin Space Telescope on the bottom

574
00:21:08,289 --> 00:21:06,110
and one of the key things you'll notice

575
00:21:09,789 --> 00:21:08,299
is that James Webb given the the

576
00:21:11,650 --> 00:21:09,799
instrument design in the layout it

577
00:21:13,539 --> 00:21:11,660
requires essentially twice as many

578
00:21:16,030 --> 00:21:13,549
transit observations to have similar

579
00:21:17,980 --> 00:21:16,040
wavelength coverage so that really makes

580
00:21:21,700 --> 00:21:17,990
it a challenging prospect to look for

581
00:21:25,600 --> 00:21:21,710
biosignatures with JWST in non-ideal eye

582
00:21:27,789 --> 00:21:25,610
setting and when we look at the

583
00:21:29,560 --> 00:21:27,799
comparison between origins James Webb if

584
00:21:30,850 --> 00:21:29,570
you want to do an atmospheric retrievals

585
00:21:32,700 --> 00:21:30,860
where we pull off the information that

586
00:21:35,289 --> 00:21:32,710
we can obtain from these observations

587
00:21:36,940 --> 00:21:35,299
really what we can say about James Webb

588
00:21:38,590 --> 00:21:36,950
and origins is that both of them will be

589
00:21:40,480 --> 00:21:38,600
detect will be able to detect carbon

590
00:21:41,710 --> 00:21:40,490
dioxide and this will be a primary

591
00:21:44,440 --> 00:21:41,720
indicator of whether or not these

592
00:21:45,820 --> 00:21:44,450
planets have atmospheres moving forward

593
00:21:47,830 --> 00:21:45,830
looking at the bio signature

594
00:21:50,020 --> 00:21:47,840
combinations for example nitrous oxide

595
00:21:50,360 --> 00:21:50,030
and ozone what we can see is that under

596
00:21:52,250 --> 00:21:50,370
these

597
00:21:54,320 --> 00:21:52,260
options of the given noise floors 20 and

598
00:21:56,270 --> 00:21:54,330
30 ppm for the near spec and Miri

599
00:21:58,280 --> 00:21:56,280
instruments James Webb will have a

600
00:22:00,350 --> 00:21:58,290
difficult time it'll be challenging to

601
00:22:02,030 --> 00:22:00,360
detect those bio signatures if the

602
00:22:04,910 --> 00:22:02,040
instruments perform better than they

603
00:22:07,880 --> 00:22:04,920
were zoomed values we may actually have

604
00:22:09,980 --> 00:22:07,890
a significant detection here with Origin

605
00:22:11,990 --> 00:22:09,990
Space Telescope we have a 5 ppm noise

606
00:22:13,790 --> 00:22:12,000
floor and as you can see we can detect

607
00:22:18,440 --> 00:22:13,800
this path signature pair at greater than

608
00:22:20,210 --> 00:22:18,450
3.6 segment confidence okay so to

609
00:22:22,130 --> 00:22:20,220
summarize my talk I want to emphasize

610
00:22:24,049 --> 00:22:22,140
that the M dwarfs are very important

611
00:22:25,700 --> 00:22:24,059
targets in the search for life and they

612
00:22:27,799 --> 00:22:25,710
will be the ones in which James Webb

613
00:22:29,120 --> 00:22:27,809
will start that process and afterwards

614
00:22:31,090 --> 00:22:29,130
hopefully origins will be able to

615
00:22:33,440 --> 00:22:31,100
continue on looking for bio signatures

616
00:22:35,330 --> 00:22:33,450
origins itself will characterize the

617
00:22:37,850 --> 00:22:35,340
atmospheres of plants that have been

618
00:22:39,260 --> 00:22:37,860
previously detected through the transit

619
00:22:40,700 --> 00:22:39,270
and radial velocity techniques which

620
00:22:43,130 --> 00:22:40,710
means they will have known masses and

621
00:22:45,860 --> 00:22:43,140
rady are a radii prior to atmospheric

622
00:22:48,230 --> 00:22:45,870
characterization and origins we'll be

623
00:22:50,060 --> 00:22:48,240
looking at in the mid infrared where all

624
00:22:52,070 --> 00:22:50,070
of these features the bio signatures and

625
00:22:54,710 --> 00:22:52,080
habitability indicators have spectral

626
00:22:56,900 --> 00:22:54,720
features so using the transmission and

627
00:22:58,730 --> 00:22:56,910
mission spectroscopy techniques origins

628
00:23:00,940 --> 00:22:58,740
will assess the habitability of nearby

629
00:23:10,280 --> 00:23:00,950
EXO pious and search for signs of life

630
00:23:15,360 --> 00:23:13,110
thank you Kevin our next speaker if we

631
00:23:17,070 --> 00:23:15,370
get the slides up will be dr. Giada

632
00:23:18,930 --> 00:23:17,080
Arnie who is my colleague at NASA's

633
00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:18,940
Goddard Space Flight Center and is also

634
00:23:26,280 --> 00:23:20,610
the lead of the leVoir teams

635
00:23:27,480 --> 00:23:26,290
science support and analysis team wait a

636
00:23:33,470 --> 00:23:27,490
second while we get those slides up

637
00:23:38,220 --> 00:23:36,600
alright so hello everybody I'm Joe Arnie

638
00:23:40,050 --> 00:23:38,230
I am a planetary scientist and

639
00:23:41,820 --> 00:23:40,060
astrobiologists and NASA Goddard I'm

640
00:23:43,470 --> 00:23:41,830
really delighted to be here talking

641
00:23:45,120 --> 00:23:43,480
about the Louvre our mission concept

642
00:23:46,800 --> 00:23:45,130
which I'm really excited about I'm

643
00:23:48,750 --> 00:23:46,810
especially excited about it to be

644
00:23:51,870 --> 00:23:48,760
talking about it at apps icon which is

645
00:23:54,720 --> 00:23:51,880
easily my favorite conference so what

646
00:23:57,210 --> 00:23:54,730
exactly is Louvre our leVoir is a large

647
00:23:59,070 --> 00:23:57,220
Space Telescope concept in the tradition

648
00:24:00,540 --> 00:23:59,080
of Hubble so it stands for the large

649
00:24:04,080 --> 00:24:00,550
ultraviolet optical Infrared Survey

650
00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:04,090
telescope that L enlarge is not a lie

651
00:24:08,240 --> 00:24:05,410
and I'll show you on the next slide how

652
00:24:10,650 --> 00:24:08,250
big blue bar is we think of it as

653
00:24:12,660 --> 00:24:10,660
similar to Hubble in that has a similar

654
00:24:15,600 --> 00:24:12,670
wavelength range to Hubble from the far

655
00:24:17,850 --> 00:24:15,610
UV to the near IR I mean we have a suite

656
00:24:20,160 --> 00:24:17,860
of imagers and spectrographs on board

657
00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:20,170
that are versatile and capable enough of

658
00:24:24,090 --> 00:24:22,210
answering questions that we can't yet

659
00:24:26,130 --> 00:24:24,100
conceive of similar to what Hubble did

660
00:24:27,720 --> 00:24:26,140
on this Observatory would be serviceable

661
00:24:29,700 --> 00:24:27,730
and upgradable and would have a time

662
00:24:31,350 --> 00:24:29,710
allocation model following what Hubble

663
00:24:34,350 --> 00:24:31,360
does and that this would be a primarily

664
00:24:37,410 --> 00:24:34,360
guest observer driven facility ok so how

665
00:24:39,660 --> 00:24:37,420
big is Lavar a salut bar a is the big

666
00:24:41,640 --> 00:24:39,670
sister version of the two architectures

667
00:24:44,970 --> 00:24:41,650
that we're currently studying levare is

668
00:24:48,240 --> 00:24:44,980
a 15 meter telescope to put that into

669
00:24:49,590 --> 00:24:48,250
perspective Hubble has a diameter of 2.4

670
00:24:51,480 --> 00:24:49,600
meters and the James Webb Space

671
00:24:54,240 --> 00:24:51,490
Telescope has a diameter of 6 and 1/2

672
00:24:55,380 --> 00:24:54,250
meters right so this is a big light

673
00:24:59,010 --> 00:24:55,390
collecting bucket

674
00:25:00,900 --> 00:24:59,020
Lavar be the little sister to levare but

675
00:25:04,440 --> 00:25:00,910
she's still pretty big is an 8 meter

676
00:25:05,940 --> 00:25:04,450
telescope right so still too large still

677
00:25:10,080 --> 00:25:05,950
larger than James Webb not quite as

678
00:25:11,970 --> 00:25:10,090
large as levare the reason why leVoir

679
00:25:13,770 --> 00:25:11,980
has been driven to such large apertures

680
00:25:15,510 --> 00:25:13,780
is we want to maximize our chances of

681
00:25:18,110 --> 00:25:15,520
discovering life and habitable

682
00:25:20,269 --> 00:25:18,120
conditions elsewhere in our universe

683
00:25:22,970 --> 00:25:20,279
we want to see other Earth's right like

684
00:25:24,919 --> 00:25:22,980
this is the holy grail for exoplanet

685
00:25:26,299 --> 00:25:24,929
astronomers and the many astrobiologists

686
00:25:28,279 --> 00:25:26,309
we want to know if there's other

687
00:25:30,980 --> 00:25:28,289
earth-like planets out there and we're

688
00:25:34,940 --> 00:25:30,990
beginning to get a sense from exoplanet

689
00:25:36,890 --> 00:25:34,950
census surveys of how frequently rocky

690
00:25:39,080 --> 00:25:36,900
planets occur in their star's habitable

691
00:25:41,090 --> 00:25:39,090
zones and that's great and that's really

692
00:25:44,330 --> 00:25:41,100
important information but that doesn't

693
00:25:47,690 --> 00:25:44,340
actually tell us how common these things

694
00:25:50,269 --> 00:25:47,700
are right we don't know how common are

695
00:25:52,580 --> 00:25:50,279
truly habitable planets we don't yet

696
00:25:54,139 --> 00:25:52,590
know how common inhabited planets are

697
00:25:55,760 --> 00:25:54,149
and these are the questions that we

698
00:25:58,880 --> 00:25:55,770
asked our biologists really want to know

699
00:26:01,940 --> 00:25:58,890
the answers to so I'm here are the

700
00:26:04,010 --> 00:26:01,950
exoplanet excellor 'the candidate yields

701
00:26:05,840 --> 00:26:04,020
for the louvre art concepts on these are

702
00:26:08,180 --> 00:26:05,850
calculated by chris stark from the Space

703
00:26:10,610 --> 00:26:08,190
Telescope Science Institute he also

704
00:26:11,810 --> 00:26:10,620
calculated exoplanet yield to have ex

705
00:26:15,560 --> 00:26:11,820
mission concept that you'll hear from

706
00:26:18,340 --> 00:26:15,570
next so what's these large sample sizes

707
00:26:21,380 --> 00:26:18,350
allow us to do is they allow us to

708
00:26:23,659 --> 00:26:21,390
search for rare processes right we don't

709
00:26:26,029 --> 00:26:23,669
know how common habitability is we don't

710
00:26:28,549 --> 00:26:26,039
know how common life is but by observing

711
00:26:29,960 --> 00:26:28,559
a large number of planets we can you

712
00:26:32,210 --> 00:26:29,970
know minimize our chances of getting

713
00:26:34,220 --> 00:26:32,220
unlucky so this is basically insurance

714
00:26:38,180 --> 00:26:34,230
against the universe conspiring against

715
00:26:40,460 --> 00:26:38,190
us and having life be very rare so with

716
00:26:43,880 --> 00:26:40,470
54 EXO Earth candidates which is what we

717
00:26:45,649 --> 00:26:43,890
anticipate getting for Lubar a we that

718
00:26:48,590 --> 00:26:45,659
sample size would guarantee seeing at

719
00:26:50,480 --> 00:26:48,600
least one planet that truly has life or

720
00:26:53,720 --> 00:26:50,490
at least has you know remotely

721
00:26:55,820 --> 00:26:53,730
detectable bio signatures with 95%

722
00:26:57,680 --> 00:26:55,830
confidence if the frequency of inhabited

723
00:27:01,730 --> 00:26:57,690
planets is 5 percent of all candidates

724
00:27:03,320 --> 00:27:01,740
and as for Lou Barbie um so 28 exit

725
00:27:05,210 --> 00:27:03,330
Worth candidates would guarantee seeing

726
00:27:07,279 --> 00:27:05,220
at least one planet with life a 95

727
00:27:09,320 --> 00:27:07,289
percent confidence if their frequency of

728
00:27:12,919 --> 00:27:09,330
inhabited planets was 10 percent of all

729
00:27:15,169 --> 00:27:12,929
candidates so if life is rare large

730
00:27:17,029 --> 00:27:15,179
sample sizes will help you find it but

731
00:27:19,399 --> 00:27:17,039
what I think is also really powerful is

732
00:27:22,220 --> 00:27:19,409
that in the case of a null detection if

733
00:27:24,110 --> 00:27:22,230
you don't find anything Lavar would tell

734
00:27:24,990 --> 00:27:24,120
us just how alone we are in the universe

735
00:27:26,789 --> 00:27:25,000
so

736
00:27:28,560 --> 00:27:26,799
in the plenary session yesterday Sarah

737
00:27:30,539 --> 00:27:28,570
Walker was talking about you know trying

738
00:27:32,399 --> 00:27:30,549
to understand this very unknown

739
00:27:34,470 --> 00:27:32,409
parameter you know the probability of

740
00:27:36,029 --> 00:27:34,480
life in our universe as one of the sort

741
00:27:37,409 --> 00:27:36,039
of fundamental constants of our universe

742
00:27:39,330 --> 00:27:37,419
that we have no idea what the answer is

743
00:27:40,860 --> 00:27:39,340
to leave our is a kind of mission that

744
00:27:42,840 --> 00:27:40,870
would be able to start tackling these

745
00:27:44,850 --> 00:27:42,850
higher-order terms of the Drake Equation

746
00:27:46,110 --> 00:27:44,860
right that we don't know you know we

747
00:27:47,730 --> 00:27:46,120
don't know we'll have the frequency of

748
00:27:49,529 --> 00:27:47,740
habitable conditions are we don't know

749
00:27:51,120 --> 00:27:49,539
what the frequency of life is but in the

750
00:27:55,860 --> 00:27:51,130
case of a null detection we can at least

751
00:27:57,659 --> 00:27:55,870
place a useful upper limit all right so

752
00:27:59,190 --> 00:27:57,669
what exactly are we gonna do to search

753
00:28:01,980 --> 00:27:59,200
your value signatures and habitable

754
00:28:03,360 --> 00:28:01,990
conditions on exoplanets so what we'll

755
00:28:05,190 --> 00:28:03,370
do a course is we're gonna take spectra

756
00:28:06,779 --> 00:28:05,200
of their atmospheres so here's the

757
00:28:08,310 --> 00:28:06,789
spectrum of Earth or I should say of

758
00:28:09,930 --> 00:28:08,320
modern earth

759
00:28:11,700 --> 00:28:09,940
the first thing we'll probably search

760
00:28:13,470 --> 00:28:11,710
for will definitely the first thing

761
00:28:15,240 --> 00:28:13,480
we'll search for is water vapor because

762
00:28:16,980 --> 00:28:15,250
water is central to our definition of

763
00:28:19,320 --> 00:28:16,990
planetary habitability and it's really

764
00:28:21,270 --> 00:28:19,330
what the palatable zone concept is based

765
00:28:23,070 --> 00:28:21,280
upon right so by observing a bunch of

766
00:28:24,750 --> 00:28:23,080
planets in and Beyond the habitable zone

767
00:28:26,640 --> 00:28:24,760
and looking for water we'll even be able

768
00:28:30,180 --> 00:28:26,650
to test the concept of the habitable

769
00:28:32,970 --> 00:28:30,190
zone for planets that show signs of

770
00:28:34,740 --> 00:28:32,980
habitability we'll start to search for

771
00:28:35,970 --> 00:28:34,750
bio signatures now one important bio

772
00:28:37,799 --> 00:28:35,980
signature for at least modern eight

773
00:28:39,330 --> 00:28:37,809
earth is oxygen and it's photochemical

774
00:28:41,310 --> 00:28:39,340
by-product ozone as I'm sure you're

775
00:28:43,500 --> 00:28:41,320
familiar with right so oxygen is

776
00:28:46,080 --> 00:28:43,510
produced by oxygenic photosynthesis the

777
00:28:48,120 --> 00:28:46,090
dominant metabolism on our planet

778
00:28:50,039 --> 00:28:48,130
it's a metabolism that uses cosmically

779
00:28:54,149 --> 00:28:50,049
ubiquitous compounds to power itself

780
00:28:56,490 --> 00:28:54,159
like water and co2 and Starlight and it

781
00:28:58,140 --> 00:28:56,500
is such an energy yielding metabolism

782
00:29:00,149 --> 00:28:58,150
that perhaps it would be incentivized to

783
00:29:02,130 --> 00:29:00,159
evolve elsewhere so we definitely want

784
00:29:04,289 --> 00:29:02,140
to go after oxygen we can also go after

785
00:29:06,779 --> 00:29:04,299
ozone it's what a chemical byproduct on

786
00:29:08,760 --> 00:29:06,789
the strength of ozone features in the

787
00:29:10,890 --> 00:29:08,770
spectrum particularly in the UV scale

788
00:29:12,240 --> 00:29:10,900
not linearly with the amount of oxygen

789
00:29:14,399 --> 00:29:12,250
in the atmosphere and so they allow us

790
00:29:16,470 --> 00:29:14,409
to go after very low oxygen abundance

791
00:29:19,200 --> 00:29:16,480
atmospheres where the oxygen itself

792
00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:19,210
might not be detectable we could also

793
00:29:22,590 --> 00:29:21,010
look for bio signatures like methane now

794
00:29:26,070 --> 00:29:22,600
mething is a really interesting bio

795
00:29:27,930 --> 00:29:26,080
signature right because methane if we

796
00:29:29,310 --> 00:29:27,940
look just a couple planets down from us

797
00:29:30,810 --> 00:29:29,320
right so like Mars might have nothing

798
00:29:32,669 --> 00:29:30,820
and that's really exciting but I give

799
00:29:34,530 --> 00:29:32,679
you look beyond Mars it's Saturn's being

800
00:29:37,260 --> 00:29:34,540
tightened all right so Titan has an hour

801
00:29:39,900 --> 00:29:37,270
fear that's composed of about 3% methane

802
00:29:41,670 --> 00:29:39,910
Earth's atmospheres has about one part

803
00:29:43,020 --> 00:29:41,680
per million of methane yet in the

804
00:29:44,850 --> 00:29:43,030
context of Earth's atmosphere that

805
00:29:46,530 --> 00:29:44,860
methane we consider a bio signature

806
00:29:48,840 --> 00:29:46,540
because it's mostly produced by life in

807
00:29:50,700 --> 00:29:48,850
Titan's atmosphere most people would not

808
00:29:52,290 --> 00:29:50,710
tell you that that methane is a bio

809
00:29:54,780 --> 00:29:52,300
signature right like most

810
00:29:56,340 --> 00:29:54,790
astrobiologists would not say that the

811
00:29:58,590 --> 00:29:56,350
methane in Titan's atmosphere is being

812
00:30:00,540 --> 00:29:58,600
produced by life so we need to

813
00:30:03,030 --> 00:30:00,550
understand the context of these bio

814
00:30:04,890 --> 00:30:03,040
signatures or you know proposed bio

815
00:30:07,140 --> 00:30:04,900
signatures that we see in exoplanet

816
00:30:08,910 --> 00:30:07,150
atmospheres to understand whether

817
00:30:10,800 --> 00:30:08,920
they're more likely produced by life or

818
00:30:13,320 --> 00:30:10,810
whether they're more likely produced by

819
00:30:15,900 --> 00:30:13,330
non-life processes well we're actually

820
00:30:18,300 --> 00:30:15,910
gonna measure from a planetary spectrum

821
00:30:20,280 --> 00:30:18,310
are the gas concentrations but write the

822
00:30:21,930 --> 00:30:20,290
concentrations alone are not enough to

823
00:30:24,810 --> 00:30:21,940
tell us whether there's life there

824
00:30:26,460 --> 00:30:24,820
because you know you look at Titan Titan

825
00:30:28,440 --> 00:30:26,470
has a lot of methane that's probably not

826
00:30:29,880 --> 00:30:28,450
produced by life you look at earth or it

827
00:30:32,100 --> 00:30:29,890
has a tiny amount of methane and that's

828
00:30:33,600 --> 00:30:32,110
probably produced by life so what we

829
00:30:36,120 --> 00:30:33,610
have to do is we have to consider these

830
00:30:37,440 --> 00:30:36,130
concentrations in the context of the

831
00:30:39,390 --> 00:30:37,450
environment and the atmosphere that

832
00:30:40,950 --> 00:30:39,400
they're found in as well as the context

833
00:30:42,780 --> 00:30:40,960
of the star planet interactions that are

834
00:30:44,220 --> 00:30:42,790
going on because the star the

835
00:30:45,720 --> 00:30:44,230
photochemistry from the star can

836
00:30:47,430 --> 00:30:45,730
dramatically change the atmosphere

837
00:30:49,590 --> 00:30:47,440
solovar will do this right it's gonna

838
00:30:51,480 --> 00:30:49,600
observe as much contacts from the planet

839
00:30:53,700 --> 00:30:51,490
as we can and it's also going to observe

840
00:30:56,250 --> 00:30:53,710
spectra of the stars because we must

841
00:30:58,050 --> 00:30:56,260
understand the stars to understand the

842
00:31:00,390 --> 00:30:58,060
photochemical reactions that might be

843
00:31:02,400 --> 00:31:00,400
occurring their atmospheres we could

844
00:31:04,950 --> 00:31:02,410
then feed these into atmospheric models

845
00:31:07,050 --> 00:31:04,960
to try to predict the production rates

846
00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:07,060
that you need in order to produce the

847
00:31:12,990 --> 00:31:09,010
gas at the concentrations that we see in

848
00:31:14,910 --> 00:31:13,000
the planetary atmosphere and this is for

849
00:31:17,490 --> 00:31:14,920
us the holy grail because production

850
00:31:20,220 --> 00:31:17,500
rates that cannot be explained or

851
00:31:22,950 --> 00:31:20,230
perhaps I should say are unlikely to be

852
00:31:26,250 --> 00:31:22,960
explainable through abiotic processes

853
00:31:28,380 --> 00:31:26,260
alone point to biology so if you see a

854
00:31:30,600 --> 00:31:28,390
planet like Titan where you don't need

855
00:31:32,430 --> 00:31:30,610
extremely rapid production rates to

856
00:31:34,710 --> 00:31:32,440
produce that methane in that context

857
00:31:36,720 --> 00:31:34,720
that's much much less likely to be

858
00:31:38,630 --> 00:31:36,730
produced by life as opposed to methane

859
00:31:40,820 --> 00:31:38,640
in the context of Earth's atmosphere

860
00:31:43,820 --> 00:31:40,830
and so this is the game that we're gonna

861
00:31:45,110 --> 00:31:43,830
play in the future but of course we know

862
00:31:46,280 --> 00:31:45,120
from Earth's history that there's more

863
00:31:47,630 --> 00:31:46,290
than one way to make an earth right I've

864
00:31:49,130 --> 00:31:47,640
been talking about modern ears and

865
00:31:52,370 --> 00:31:49,140
modern ears is a great starting point

866
00:31:54,200 --> 00:31:52,380
but Earth has changed dramatically over

867
00:31:55,880 --> 00:31:54,210
geological history and I think one of

868
00:31:57,500 --> 00:31:55,890
the really powerful things about leVoir

869
00:32:00,440 --> 00:31:57,510
as well as the Havoc's mission concept

870
00:32:02,240 --> 00:32:00,450
is that we've been thinking about how to

871
00:32:04,340 --> 00:32:02,250
detect bio signatures for all of us

872
00:32:06,530 --> 00:32:04,350
inhabited history so one of the explicit

873
00:32:08,840 --> 00:32:06,540
science goals of lavars we want to be

874
00:32:10,100 --> 00:32:08,850
able to detect life on Earth for as long

875
00:32:11,690 --> 00:32:10,110
as Earth's was habitable and so we've

876
00:32:14,480 --> 00:32:11,700
been thinking a lot about bio signatures

877
00:32:16,940 --> 00:32:14,490
through time so for modern a earth right

878
00:32:19,130 --> 00:32:16,950
oxygen is hugely abundant in our

879
00:32:20,659 --> 00:32:19,140
atmosphere and is easy to detect but if

880
00:32:22,310 --> 00:32:20,669
we go back to the Archaean oxygen was

881
00:32:24,230 --> 00:32:22,320
not detectable right and then the Hadean

882
00:32:25,789 --> 00:32:24,240
as well oxygen levels were extremely low

883
00:32:27,980 --> 00:32:25,799
so you have to think about other kinds

884
00:32:29,419 --> 00:32:27,990
of bio signatures and then for the mid

885
00:32:31,100 --> 00:32:29,429
Proterozoic there have been studies that

886
00:32:32,990 --> 00:32:31,110
have suggested that oxygen levels may

887
00:32:34,669 --> 00:32:33,000
have been very low potentially as low as

888
00:32:37,250 --> 00:32:34,679
0.1 percent of the modern atmospheric

889
00:32:38,960 --> 00:32:37,260
level and so if you have oxygen levels

890
00:32:41,240 --> 00:32:38,970
that low you can't actually detect the

891
00:32:43,700 --> 00:32:41,250
oxygen in itself even though it's in the

892
00:32:45,620 --> 00:32:43,710
atmosphere so you need to think about

893
00:32:47,390 --> 00:32:45,630
these false negative planets as well

894
00:32:51,289 --> 00:32:47,400
that have life that life might be

895
00:32:53,150 --> 00:32:51,299
challenging to detect for a planet with

896
00:32:54,650 --> 00:32:53,160
an anoxic atmosphere um there's been a

897
00:32:55,909 --> 00:32:54,660
lot of work by various people including

898
00:32:57,770 --> 00:32:55,919
Josh christine's and Taunton who

899
00:32:59,450 --> 00:32:57,780
suggested that if you see a lot of

900
00:33:01,760 --> 00:32:59,460
methane together with a lot of co2 that

901
00:33:03,440 --> 00:33:01,770
implies rapid methane production that's

902
00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:03,450
indicative of life and so that's

903
00:33:09,530 --> 00:33:05,010
something we would want to go after for

904
00:33:11,299 --> 00:33:09,540
these antioxidant as it which might have

905
00:33:14,690 --> 00:33:11,309
had very low oxygen levels

906
00:33:17,480 --> 00:33:14,700
you go after O 3 in the UV so the O 3

907
00:33:19,250 --> 00:33:17,490
feature in the UV is the strongest ozone

908
00:33:20,630 --> 00:33:19,260
feature across the entire spectral range

909
00:33:22,549 --> 00:33:20,640
and it's really important to access that

910
00:33:27,230 --> 00:33:22,559
feature for these very low oxygen

911
00:33:30,049 --> 00:33:27,240
abundance atmospheres alright so I just

912
00:33:31,940 --> 00:33:30,059
want to conclude by saying that with the

913
00:33:34,070 --> 00:33:31,950
large sample size enabled by a mission

914
00:33:35,810 --> 00:33:34,080
like leVoir we'll be able to maximize

915
00:33:37,850 --> 00:33:35,820
our chances of discovering if we're

916
00:33:39,650 --> 00:33:37,860
alone in the universe and discovering if

917
00:33:41,360 --> 00:33:39,660
there are detectable bio signatures on

918
00:33:43,779 --> 00:33:41,370
planets that are orbiting nearby stars

919
00:33:45,909 --> 00:33:43,789
and in the case of annulled

920
00:33:47,409 --> 00:33:45,919
tection will finally know just how alone

921
00:33:49,210 --> 00:33:47,419
we are in the universe and we'll begin

922
00:33:51,430 --> 00:33:49,220
to be able to place an upper limit on

923
00:33:57,460 --> 00:33:51,440
how frequently life and habitability

924
00:33:59,080 --> 00:33:57,470
occurs and lastly because of the number

925
00:34:00,820 --> 00:33:59,090
of planets in the diversity of planets

926
00:34:02,710 --> 00:34:00,830
the Lavar will sample we'll be able to

927
00:34:04,810 --> 00:34:02,720
start to place our whole solar system in

928
00:34:07,690 --> 00:34:04,820
the context of the types of planets that

929
00:34:08,889 --> 00:34:07,700
are possible elsewhere I'm at a time and

930
00:34:11,349 --> 00:34:08,899
I'll just leave you with this beautiful

931
00:34:13,359 --> 00:34:11,359
quote from the NASA at the neck the

932
00:34:15,159 --> 00:34:13,369
National Academy of Sciences exoplanet

933
00:34:16,809 --> 00:34:15,169
science strategy report the search for

934
00:34:18,760 --> 00:34:16,819
life on other worlds is both a profound

935
00:34:20,649 --> 00:34:18,770
and profoundly difficult endeavor but I

936
00:34:29,490 --> 00:34:20,659
think we the astrobiology community are

937
00:34:33,819 --> 00:34:32,079
Thank You Jarrah next up we'll have

938
00:34:35,409 --> 00:34:33,829
Scott Gowdy from The Ohio State

939
00:34:38,680 --> 00:34:35,419
University who is also one of the

940
00:34:40,450 --> 00:34:38,690
co-chairs I know how to do it it was

941
00:34:44,770 --> 00:34:40,460
also one of the coaches of the Havoc's

942
00:34:47,319 --> 00:34:44,780
mission concept Scott alright first I'd

943
00:34:49,450 --> 00:34:47,329
like to thank Sean and Vicki and Karl

944
00:34:52,690 --> 00:34:49,460
for inviting me to give a talk on have X

945
00:34:54,970 --> 00:34:52,700
I will preface this by saying I am NOT

946
00:34:56,889 --> 00:34:54,980
an astrobiologist although Sean keeps

947
00:34:59,289 --> 00:34:56,899
trying to indoctrinate me to becoming

948
00:35:03,789 --> 00:34:59,299
one so I guess I'm starting to become

949
00:35:06,220 --> 00:35:03,799
one I want to thank my I want to thank

950
00:35:08,740 --> 00:35:06,230
my co leads on this mission the Koch

951
00:35:12,089 --> 00:35:08,750
community chair is a Sara Seager the

952
00:35:17,530 --> 00:35:12,099
mission is based out of JPL so so and

953
00:35:19,599 --> 00:35:17,540
sorry about that and and so Bertrand

954
00:35:25,030 --> 00:35:19,609
Medicine Alena Kiesling Keith Warfield

955
00:35:26,620 --> 00:35:25,040
are all our leaders at JPL keith is our

956
00:35:29,710 --> 00:35:26,630
center study manager and keeps us in

957
00:35:31,270 --> 00:35:29,720
line and this is our stdt this is all

958
00:35:33,520 --> 00:35:31,280
the way back through over three years

959
00:35:34,870 --> 00:35:33,530
ago from our first meeting there are

960
00:35:36,940 --> 00:35:34,880
pictures of people that weren't able to

961
00:35:38,950 --> 00:35:36,950
attend or added later and then also

962
00:35:41,289 --> 00:35:38,960
people from the international community

963
00:35:43,390 --> 00:35:41,299
that are observers on this so we have a

964
00:35:49,599 --> 00:35:43,400
relatively small team compared to some

965
00:35:57,470 --> 00:35:54,769
know it's there you go okay so we have X

966
00:35:59,420 --> 00:35:57,480
has three basic science goals one is to

967
00:36:01,609 --> 00:35:59,430
seek out nearby worlds and explore their

968
00:36:03,769 --> 00:36:01,619
habitability the second is a map nearby

969
00:36:06,049 --> 00:36:03,779
planetary systems so a small subset of

970
00:36:07,069 --> 00:36:06,059
our nearest neighbors and explore the

971
00:36:09,890 --> 00:36:07,079
diversity of the worlds that they

972
00:36:12,620 --> 00:36:09,900
contain in as its deep as possible

973
00:36:15,829 --> 00:36:12,630
and finally we have a third goal which

974
00:36:17,990 --> 00:36:15,839
is to enable new explorations by

975
00:36:20,539 --> 00:36:18,000
extending our reach from the UV to the

976
00:36:23,390 --> 00:36:20,549
near IR so this is non direct imaging

977
00:36:27,319 --> 00:36:23,400
exoplanet science and it constitutes a

978
00:36:29,630 --> 00:36:27,329
50% of our science of other time we

979
00:36:31,400 --> 00:36:29,640
expect for our prime mission so I'd like

980
00:36:33,890 --> 00:36:31,410
you to walk away from here understanding

981
00:36:36,620 --> 00:36:33,900
that habits is not just a direct imaging

982
00:36:41,599 --> 00:36:36,630
mission okay so in terms of our first

983
00:36:43,789 --> 00:36:41,609
science topic we saw achieving the

984
00:36:45,230 --> 00:36:43,799
direct detection of it so first I want

985
00:36:46,759 --> 00:36:45,240
us to take a step back and mention

986
00:36:48,620 --> 00:36:46,769
something that's a very important point

987
00:36:51,170 --> 00:36:48,630
this is the first time in human history

988
00:36:53,299 --> 00:36:51,180
that we have the scientific knowledge

989
00:36:55,249 --> 00:36:53,309
and the technological capabilities are

990
00:36:57,380 --> 00:36:55,259
within shouting distance of having the

991
00:36:59,930 --> 00:36:57,390
technological capabilities of being able

992
00:37:01,609 --> 00:36:59,940
to directly detect an earth-like planet

993
00:37:04,880 --> 00:37:01,619
orbiting a sun-like star now we heard

994
00:37:07,400 --> 00:37:04,890
from Vicki and Kat and we'll hear from

995
00:37:09,380 --> 00:37:07,410
Kevin about how you can do this for

996
00:37:11,720 --> 00:37:09,390
small planets orbiting M dwarfs this is

997
00:37:13,960 --> 00:37:11,730
commonly called the M dwarf Opportunity

998
00:37:17,630 --> 00:37:13,970
or I like to call it small black shadows

999
00:37:19,640 --> 00:37:17,640
that is the the the the fast track and

1000
00:37:21,769 --> 00:37:19,650
certainly something we should do but we

1001
00:37:23,329 --> 00:37:21,779
should also search for potentially

1002
00:37:25,609 --> 00:37:23,339
habitable worlds and maybe even in

1003
00:37:27,499 --> 00:37:25,619
habitable worlds around sun-like stars

1004
00:37:29,660 --> 00:37:27,509
using direct imaging in the reflected

1005
00:37:31,999 --> 00:37:29,670
optical and eventually direct imaging in

1006
00:37:34,009 --> 00:37:32,009
the mid Fred that requires us to go to

1007
00:37:35,779 --> 00:37:34,019
space and this is the first time we've

1008
00:37:37,400 --> 00:37:35,789
been able to do that we may have thought

1009
00:37:38,539 --> 00:37:37,410
we were able to do that 10 years ago but

1010
00:37:40,999 --> 00:37:38,549
it turns out that that's not actually

1011
00:37:42,410 --> 00:37:41,009
true and I can talk to you during the

1012
00:37:43,940 --> 00:37:42,420
discussion session for what we've

1013
00:37:46,039 --> 00:37:43,950
learned in the last 10 years that

1014
00:37:47,630 --> 00:37:46,049
enables us to be possible the

1015
00:37:49,430 --> 00:37:47,640
requirements are that we have to reach

1016
00:37:51,220 --> 00:37:49,440
10 to the minus 10 contrast because

1017
00:37:54,499 --> 00:37:51,230
that's the flux ratio of Earth to Sun

1018
00:37:57,440 --> 00:37:54,509
with a resolution and resolve the earth

1019
00:38:02,370 --> 00:37:57,450
from that That star if that star is at

1020
00:38:03,930 --> 00:38:02,380
15 parsecs to 0.06 arc seconds

1021
00:38:06,089 --> 00:38:03,940
and so that's what you can see right

1022
00:38:08,339 --> 00:38:06,099
here and that's the capabilities that

1023
00:38:09,930 --> 00:38:08,349
have X is really try to achieve another

1024
00:38:11,160 --> 00:38:09,940
point I'd like to make is it's common

1025
00:38:13,530 --> 00:38:11,170
wisdom that you need a 10 meter

1026
00:38:15,150 --> 00:38:13,540
telescope to do this it's not true

1027
00:38:17,280 --> 00:38:15,160
we now know that the frequency of

1028
00:38:18,870 --> 00:38:17,290
potentially habitable worlds in the

1029
00:38:20,640 --> 00:38:18,880
habitable zone is high enough that you

1030
00:38:22,530 --> 00:38:20,650
can do this with smaller telescopes so

1031
00:38:24,180 --> 00:38:22,540
that's great of course you won't get the

1032
00:38:26,670 --> 00:38:24,190
sample sizes of luke war and we'll talk

1033
00:38:28,740 --> 00:38:26,680
a little bit more about that and so

1034
00:38:30,140 --> 00:38:28,750
these dots show the realization of the

1035
00:38:33,089 --> 00:38:30,150
kinds of planets abducts would be

1036
00:38:35,220 --> 00:38:33,099
sensitive to now we use two star light

1037
00:38:37,650 --> 00:38:35,230
suppression techniques one is a

1038
00:38:39,780 --> 00:38:37,660
coronagraph so this is just the simple

1039
00:38:41,790 --> 00:38:39,790
idea of blocking the light from the star

1040
00:38:43,349 --> 00:38:41,800
after it enters the telescope pupil but

1041
00:38:45,300 --> 00:38:43,359
because of diffraction effects

1042
00:38:47,190 --> 00:38:45,310
imperfection of the optics you have to

1043
00:38:49,470 --> 00:38:47,200
use fancy optics to get rid of that

1044
00:38:52,530 --> 00:38:49,480
excess light and detect the planet in

1045
00:38:54,930 --> 00:38:52,540
one part per 10 billion the other way is

1046
00:38:57,660 --> 00:38:54,940
to do it use an external culture this in

1047
00:39:00,030 --> 00:38:57,670
this case we also call star shade so

1048
00:39:01,349 --> 00:39:00,040
this in case there habits is a 52 meters

1049
00:39:03,540 --> 00:39:01,359
star shade roughly the size of a

1050
00:39:05,010 --> 00:39:03,550
baseball diamond flying it roughly

1051
00:39:06,990 --> 00:39:05,020
seventy six thousand kilometers away

1052
00:39:08,790 --> 00:39:07,000
from the telescope you have to

1053
00:39:11,250 --> 00:39:08,800
manufacture the edges to a precision of

1054
00:39:12,810 --> 00:39:11,260
roughly a micron it has to unfurl to a

1055
00:39:15,780 --> 00:39:12,820
precision of roughly a millimeter and

1056
00:39:17,700 --> 00:39:15,790
asked to remained aligned to roughly one

1057
00:39:19,710 --> 00:39:17,710
meter now all this may sound fairly

1058
00:39:20,760 --> 00:39:19,720
terrifying but believe it or not we've

1059
00:39:22,940 --> 00:39:20,770
actually advanced that these

1060
00:39:25,890 --> 00:39:22,950
technologies to the point where they're

1061
00:39:26,820 --> 00:39:25,900
called crl 4 which means that they're

1062
00:39:28,680 --> 00:39:26,830
not vaporware

1063
00:39:30,390 --> 00:39:28,690
these are real technologies that have

1064
00:39:34,140 --> 00:39:30,400
that are well on their way to being

1065
00:39:35,370 --> 00:39:34,150
ready to be selected for our mission the

1066
00:39:36,390 --> 00:39:35,380
nice thing about a chronograph and

1067
00:39:38,490 --> 00:39:36,400
starshade is that they're very

1068
00:39:40,680 --> 00:39:38,500
compatible so a chronograph is very

1069
00:39:44,609 --> 00:39:40,690
nimble allows you to quickly look at

1070
00:39:46,770 --> 00:39:44,619
many stars and find potential candidates

1071
00:39:48,450 --> 00:39:46,780
for earth-like planets take their colors

1072
00:39:50,339 --> 00:39:48,460
get their orbits see if they are indeed

1073
00:39:52,260 --> 00:39:50,349
in the habitable zone and if they are

1074
00:39:55,320 --> 00:39:52,270
then you slew your star shade there

1075
00:39:57,450 --> 00:39:55,330
which which allows you to get is

1076
00:40:00,690 --> 00:39:57,460
basically a chromatic allows you to get

1077
00:40:02,250 --> 00:40:00,700
broadband spectra from 0.2 to 1.8

1078
00:40:04,349 --> 00:40:02,260
microns so you can look for all those

1079
00:40:06,870 --> 00:40:04,359
beautiful features that we heard yah to

1080
00:40:09,180 --> 00:40:06,880
talk about but the star shade is slow

1081
00:40:11,070 --> 00:40:09,190
you could only take several weeks to go

1082
00:40:12,960 --> 00:40:11,080
from target to target and its fuel

1083
00:40:14,380 --> 00:40:12,970
limited so you have to it's a it's a

1084
00:40:16,360 --> 00:40:14,390
resource you have to

1085
00:40:18,490 --> 00:40:16,370
it's very valuable so you can't use it

1086
00:40:20,140 --> 00:40:18,500
all the time but by combining these two

1087
00:40:22,330 --> 00:40:20,150
methods we can both find the planets

1088
00:40:25,270 --> 00:40:22,340
determine their orbits and then get

1089
00:40:26,980 --> 00:40:25,280
broadband spectrum oh no graphs on the

1090
00:40:28,570 --> 00:40:26,990
other hand are fairly chromatic so you

1091
00:40:32,140 --> 00:40:28,580
have to get spectra in sort of very

1092
00:40:33,820 --> 00:40:32,150
small chunks of roughly 20% and so

1093
00:40:35,230 --> 00:40:33,830
therefore it's very expensive or you

1094
00:40:37,570 --> 00:40:35,240
have the coronagraph with many channels

1095
00:40:42,040 --> 00:40:37,580
which is also expensive in terms of cost

1096
00:40:43,570 --> 00:40:42,050
not time okay so well basic ideas we're

1097
00:40:46,150 --> 00:40:43,580
gonna use the chronograph to survey for

1098
00:40:47,560 --> 00:40:46,160
roughly 50 stars for potentially

1099
00:40:49,090 --> 00:40:47,570
habitable world we're gonna do this

1100
00:40:51,730 --> 00:40:49,100
vetting process to find the most

1101
00:40:53,350 --> 00:40:51,740
promising ones and those will be studied

1102
00:40:55,450 --> 00:40:53,360
then with a chronograph in a star shade

1103
00:40:57,070 --> 00:40:55,460
and of course this is the holy grail of

1104
00:40:59,170 --> 00:40:57,080
what we expect to get this is a

1105
00:41:01,360 --> 00:40:59,180
simulation of what habits can do with

1106
00:41:03,370 --> 00:41:01,370
about oh I don't know 10 days of

1107
00:41:05,530 --> 00:41:03,380
observations it turns out Earth's are

1108
00:41:09,880 --> 00:41:05,540
like earth-like planets or faint around

1109
00:41:13,990 --> 00:41:09,890
a real star beta cvn it's a G 0 for a

1110
00:41:15,820 --> 00:41:14,000
star at 8.4 parsecs and this gives us a

1111
00:41:17,140 --> 00:41:15,830
we set the requirement for the

1112
00:41:20,110 --> 00:41:17,150
signal-to-noise so that we can detect

1113
00:41:22,690 --> 00:41:20,120
the oxygenated band at point 6 7 6

1114
00:41:25,270 --> 00:41:22,700
microns with a signal-to-noise of 10 at

1115
00:41:27,040 --> 00:41:25,280
a resolution of 140 and that allows us

1116
00:41:29,170 --> 00:41:27,050
to get a spectrum that looks like this

1117
00:41:30,880 --> 00:41:29,180
so you can see we can see all those

1118
00:41:32,860 --> 00:41:30,890
beautiful features that is signal not

1119
00:41:33,370 --> 00:41:32,870
only that this world may be potentially

1120
00:41:36,130 --> 00:41:33,380
abotobble

1121
00:41:37,570 --> 00:41:36,140
but also inhabited now unfortunately

1122
00:41:39,640 --> 00:41:37,580
with Havoc's we just don't have the

1123
00:41:41,830 --> 00:41:39,650
aperture to get methane which would be

1124
00:41:45,190 --> 00:41:41,840
great because if we get oxygen methane

1125
00:41:47,620 --> 00:41:45,200
but what we do have but we but we are

1126
00:41:49,390 --> 00:41:47,630
and not so naive to think that all

1127
00:41:51,520 --> 00:41:49,400
earth-like planets even if they're

1128
00:41:53,230 --> 00:41:51,530
inhabited or habitable are going to look

1129
00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:53,240
like modern-day earth since modern day

1130
00:41:57,190 --> 00:41:55,010
or thought only looked like it did for a

1131
00:41:59,920 --> 00:41:57,200
relatively small fraction of time so

1132
00:42:02,590 --> 00:41:59,930
we're also looking as Gianna mentioned

1133
00:42:05,260 --> 00:42:02,600
at the earth over time and bio

1134
00:42:06,760 --> 00:42:05,270
signatures over time and I won't belabor

1135
00:42:09,340 --> 00:42:06,770
this point this is just another version

1136
00:42:11,290 --> 00:42:09,350
of the plot that giada showed except now

1137
00:42:12,850 --> 00:42:11,300
I'm showing the actual simulated spectra

1138
00:42:15,250 --> 00:42:12,860
from different phases of the Earth's

1139
00:42:17,380 --> 00:42:15,260
history and all of these are readily we

1140
00:42:19,870 --> 00:42:17,390
can detect the bio signatures of all

1141
00:42:22,540 --> 00:42:19,880
that Giada mentions for basically all of

1142
00:42:24,430 --> 00:42:22,550
these phases quite readily so that's

1143
00:42:26,620 --> 00:42:24,440
very powerful both for habits and

1144
00:42:28,630 --> 00:42:26,630
or I want to make sure that people don't

1145
00:42:30,670 --> 00:42:28,640
get wrapped around too much this idea of

1146
00:42:33,880 --> 00:42:30,680
a to earth or the fraction of stars in

1147
00:42:36,220 --> 00:42:33,890
the habitable zone as we all know the

1148
00:42:39,010 --> 00:42:36,230
habitable zone and how and how large it

1149
00:42:42,400 --> 00:42:39,020
would spans in terms of effective

1150
00:42:45,069 --> 00:42:42,410
luminosity or radiant irradiance and the

1151
00:42:46,630 --> 00:42:45,079
size of the planet is controversial we

1152
00:42:48,849 --> 00:42:46,640
have some ideas those are based on

1153
00:42:51,040 --> 00:42:48,859
well-founded physical principles but in

1154
00:42:53,050 --> 00:42:51,050
truth yes thank you we don't actually

1155
00:42:55,300 --> 00:42:53,060
know what that is but so what's really

1156
00:42:57,790 --> 00:42:55,310
nice is that even though we only have a

1157
00:43:00,010 --> 00:42:57,800
small relatively small number of dots in

1158
00:43:01,839 --> 00:43:00,020
the habitable zone in the smart box we

1159
00:43:03,640 --> 00:43:01,849
have lots of dots around it so we can

1160
00:43:05,980 --> 00:43:03,650
begin to try to empirically define the

1161
00:43:08,349 --> 00:43:05,990
habitable zone okay

1162
00:43:09,819 --> 00:43:08,359
so real quickly we also have a sample of

1163
00:43:11,890 --> 00:43:09,829
eight stars that we're gonna get very

1164
00:43:13,809 --> 00:43:11,900
deep family portraits with the star

1165
00:43:15,490 --> 00:43:13,819
shade star shade has a wide field of

1166
00:43:17,380 --> 00:43:15,500
view so you can detect almost all the

1167
00:43:19,750 --> 00:43:17,390
planets and even dust belts in the

1168
00:43:21,339 --> 00:43:19,760
system and you can get simultaneous

1169
00:43:22,960 --> 00:43:21,349
spectra of all of them within two arc

1170
00:43:24,730 --> 00:43:22,970
seconds and since you're getting

1171
00:43:26,500 --> 00:43:24,740
signal-to-noise that are reasonably high

1172
00:43:28,089 --> 00:43:26,510
for earth-like planets you're gonna get

1173
00:43:30,819 --> 00:43:28,099
very high signal-to-noise for much

1174
00:43:32,410 --> 00:43:30,829
larger planets that are much brighter so

1175
00:43:34,089 --> 00:43:32,420
you can get complete family portraits

1176
00:43:35,680 --> 00:43:34,099
and start to ask about questions about

1177
00:43:38,050 --> 00:43:35,690
if you have a potentially habitable

1178
00:43:40,359 --> 00:43:38,060
planet does it have does it need to have

1179
00:43:44,140 --> 00:43:40,369
a jupiter-mass planet around around it

1180
00:43:46,990 --> 00:43:44,150
or not okay so these are eight targets

1181
00:43:49,059 --> 00:43:47,000
and I just mentioned them because it's

1182
00:43:50,980 --> 00:43:49,069
really nice we think Hollywood because

1183
00:43:53,170 --> 00:43:50,990
we now know that about roughly half of

1184
00:43:56,410 --> 00:43:53,180
these are already inhabited so that

1185
00:43:58,420 --> 00:43:56,420
means we're ensured of success okay this

1186
00:43:59,890 --> 00:43:58,430
is our yields they're not as large as

1187
00:44:02,680 --> 00:43:59,900
new are i'll admit that right off the

1188
00:44:04,780 --> 00:44:02,690
bat there's eight potentially habitable

1189
00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:04,790
planets and/or dots in that little

1190
00:44:08,440 --> 00:44:07,010
habitable zone box but there's plenty of

1191
00:44:09,940 --> 00:44:08,450
dots around that and again so we can

1192
00:44:12,309 --> 00:44:09,950
empirically define the habitable zone

1193
00:44:14,290 --> 00:44:12,319
and there are dozens to hundreds of

1194
00:44:16,690 --> 00:44:14,300
other planets which will have carat be

1195
00:44:18,880 --> 00:44:16,700
fully characterized with spectra and

1196
00:44:21,520 --> 00:44:18,890
orbits so we can do comparative

1197
00:44:23,200 --> 00:44:21,530
exoplanet ology and so even if we do get

1198
00:44:25,030 --> 00:44:23,210
this no results we'll have an

1199
00:44:28,089 --> 00:44:25,040
interesting upper limit not as strong as

1200
00:44:30,640 --> 00:44:28,099
leVoir but we will also have this vast

1201
00:44:32,470 --> 00:44:30,650
array of comparative exploit exoplanet

1202
00:44:34,750 --> 00:44:32,480
ology so I don't really have time to

1203
00:44:36,370 --> 00:44:34,760
talk about the third goal I will mention

1204
00:44:38,279 --> 00:44:36,380
that we have two other instruments that

1205
00:44:41,429 --> 00:44:38,289
are UV spectrograph

1206
00:44:44,339 --> 00:44:41,439
imager and a infrared spectrograph an

1207
00:44:46,079 --> 00:44:44,349
imager that have capabilities that well

1208
00:44:48,689 --> 00:44:46,089
exceed that of HST

1209
00:44:51,449 --> 00:44:48,699
again we expect 50% of our time to be

1210
00:44:53,370 --> 00:44:51,459
towards Geo programs so that can be any

1211
00:44:55,349 --> 00:44:53,380
number of things here's a just a small

1212
00:44:56,939 --> 00:44:55,359
laundry list I'm just gonna speed

1213
00:44:59,489 --> 00:44:56,949
through 3 things that you think you

1214
00:45:02,459 --> 00:44:59,499
might be interested in one we can get a

1215
00:45:05,729 --> 00:45:02,469
transmission spectroscopy of planets not

1216
00:45:08,640 --> 00:45:05,739
just giant planets but also potentially

1217
00:45:10,819 --> 00:45:08,650
rocky planets we can look for we'll get

1218
00:45:14,159 --> 00:45:10,829
high resolution so sorry let me go back

1219
00:45:16,169 --> 00:45:14,169
this is a this the top is an image

1220
00:45:17,759 --> 00:45:16,179
simulated image of habits of Neptune

1221
00:45:19,380 --> 00:45:17,769
another little black dot is our

1222
00:45:21,449 --> 00:45:19,390
resolution on an element the bottom is

1223
00:45:23,159 --> 00:45:21,459
the image from Voyager 2 so we could

1224
00:45:25,409 --> 00:45:23,169
measure wind speeds and things like that

1225
00:45:27,329 --> 00:45:25,419
and finally we can look for aurora on

1226
00:45:28,919 --> 00:45:27,339
the ice giants which as we know the

1227
00:45:30,689 --> 00:45:28,929
magnetic field of the ice giants are

1228
00:45:32,370 --> 00:45:30,699
strange and we don't know very much

1229
00:45:34,109 --> 00:45:32,380
about the solar wind interaction with

1230
00:45:36,299 --> 00:45:34,119
these planets which is important for

1231
00:45:38,249 --> 00:45:36,309
understanding mass loss which we've

1232
00:45:40,709 --> 00:45:38,259
learned from Kepler is a very important

1233
00:45:42,779 --> 00:45:40,719
of a physical process that happens at

1234
00:45:44,880 --> 00:45:42,789
least for shorter period planets and so

1235
00:45:46,829 --> 00:45:44,890
I will leave that this up here I haven't

1236
00:45:49,499 --> 00:45:46,839
said anything about our architecture

1237
00:45:50,969 --> 00:45:49,509
anyway you can read about it if you want

1238
00:45:54,809 --> 00:45:50,979
more information look for our final

1239
00:45:57,839 --> 00:45:54,819
report and end or email me and with that

1240
00:45:59,519 --> 00:45:57,849
I'm gonna ask Giada to come up we're

1241
00:46:02,279 --> 00:45:59,529
gonna use a little bit of the discussion

1242
00:46:05,489 --> 00:46:02,289
time because to present one more slide

1243
00:46:07,589 --> 00:46:05,499
so Louvre Oh Lavar and Havoc's the teams

1244
00:46:10,409 --> 00:46:07,599
have often are often asked pretty much

1245
00:46:12,299 --> 00:46:10,419
at every talk we give what is the

1246
00:46:14,729 --> 00:46:12,309
similarities or differences or how at

1247
00:46:16,409 --> 00:46:14,739
your two studies related so we created

1248
00:46:19,529 --> 00:46:16,419
this slide to answer that question the

1249
00:46:21,179 --> 00:46:19,539
have X and lavars team teams and links

1250
00:46:25,259 --> 00:46:21,189
and origins have we've already already

1251
00:46:26,909 --> 00:46:25,269
mentioned have spent over three years

1252
00:46:29,640 --> 00:46:26,919
nearly three and a half years of many

1253
00:46:31,409 --> 00:46:29,650
thousands of person hours and millions

1254
00:46:34,169 --> 00:46:31,419
of dollars investing in these large

1255
00:46:36,120 --> 00:46:34,179
strategic mission concepts to develop

1256
00:46:38,539 --> 00:46:36,130
them to the level fidelity that

1257
00:46:41,999 --> 00:46:38,549
basically has never been seen before

1258
00:46:43,319 --> 00:46:42,009
I'll turn it over to you to see that no

1259
00:46:43,690 --> 00:46:43,329
it's because I'm too short from over

1260
00:46:46,210 --> 00:46:43,700
there

1261
00:46:47,740 --> 00:46:46,220
I'm so together Louvre Oran Havoc's have

1262
00:46:49,420 --> 00:46:47,750
been whirring together since the start

1263
00:46:52,270 --> 00:46:49,430
of these two studies we're going to

1264
00:46:53,740 --> 00:46:52,280
present between these two studies 11

1265
00:46:55,780 --> 00:46:53,750
different architectures to the decay

1266
00:46:58,930 --> 00:46:55,790
toll which will help to you know provide

1267
00:47:00,640 --> 00:46:58,940
a buffet of different options for the

1268
00:47:03,190 --> 00:47:00,650
decay doll to choose from depending on

1269
00:47:04,559 --> 00:47:03,200
you know what the landscape looks like

1270
00:47:07,150 --> 00:47:04,569
when they're making their decisions

1271
00:47:08,710 --> 00:47:07,160
we've been collaborating for a long time

1272
00:47:10,839 --> 00:47:08,720
and we both agree that a joint

1273
00:47:13,030 --> 00:47:10,849
astrophysics exoplanet UV optical near

1274
00:47:15,960 --> 00:47:13,040
IR observatory provides a bold and

1275
00:47:26,530 --> 00:47:15,970
achievable vision for space astronomy

1276
00:47:30,370 --> 00:47:28,120
and just on that note also point out

1277
00:47:31,359 --> 00:47:30,380
that the exoplanet folks on both teams

1278
00:47:32,950 --> 00:47:31,369
have been working with each other and

1279
00:47:34,120 --> 00:47:32,960
with the origins team as well to think

1280
00:47:36,010 --> 00:47:34,130
about what habitability and bio

1281
00:47:38,560 --> 00:47:36,020
signatures we might get with those three

1282
00:47:40,839 --> 00:47:38,570
missions the last mission concept we did

1283
00:47:42,490 --> 00:47:40,849
try to get someone from links here we

1284
00:47:44,890 --> 00:47:42,500
could not for various travel conflicts

1285
00:47:46,690 --> 00:47:44,900
that were in place before we made our

1286
00:47:48,070 --> 00:47:46,700
invitations so instead of some from the

1287
00:47:50,500 --> 00:47:48,080
links team we're gonna have my esteemed

1288
00:47:52,660 --> 00:47:50,510
co-chair and the chief scientists of the

1289
00:47:55,000 --> 00:47:52,670
exoplanet exploration program office

1290
00:48:02,079 --> 00:47:55,010
Carl Snapple felt talk about what links

1291
00:48:03,700 --> 00:48:02,089
can do for exoplanet science Carl ok

1292
00:48:05,260 --> 00:48:03,710
thanks Sean I have some trepidation

1293
00:48:06,940 --> 00:48:05,270
giving this talk because I'm not a

1294
00:48:08,920 --> 00:48:06,950
member of the links team or an x-ray

1295
00:48:10,450 --> 00:48:08,930
astronomer but we thought was important

1296
00:48:14,670 --> 00:48:10,460
enough that they'd be represented here

1297
00:48:16,960 --> 00:48:14,680
so that we make this presentation so the

1298
00:48:19,030 --> 00:48:16,970
main thing I wanted to get to is that

1299
00:48:21,220 --> 00:48:19,040
links is the next-generation x-ray

1300
00:48:22,870 --> 00:48:21,230
general-purpose Observatory following

1301
00:48:25,780 --> 00:48:22,880
the Chandra Observatory that was

1302
00:48:27,190 --> 00:48:25,790
launched in 1999 unlike the missions

1303
00:48:30,160 --> 00:48:27,200
we've just talked about it's not going

1304
00:48:32,290 --> 00:48:30,170
to be able to assess bio signatures on

1305
00:48:33,579 --> 00:48:32,300
exoplanets because planets don't really

1306
00:48:35,770 --> 00:48:33,589
emit in x-rays

1307
00:48:37,810 --> 00:48:35,780
however the environments of planets can

1308
00:48:39,609 --> 00:48:37,820
be very strongly affected by x-rays and

1309
00:48:41,560 --> 00:48:39,619
other forms of high-energy radiation and

1310
00:48:43,300 --> 00:48:41,570
so that's why we wanted to make sure you

1311
00:48:44,950 --> 00:48:43,310
knew about at this meeting this mission

1312
00:48:49,030 --> 00:48:44,960
could very build be the one that gets

1313
00:48:50,650 --> 00:48:49,040
selected by the decayed 'el so the ways

1314
00:48:53,349 --> 00:48:50,660
that are heliophysics colleagues know

1315
00:48:55,329 --> 00:48:53,359
that exoplanets get affected by their

1316
00:48:57,820 --> 00:48:55,339
high-energy environment or shown here

1317
00:48:59,620 --> 00:48:57,830
there's the photons from their host star

1318
00:49:01,630 --> 00:48:59,630
there's energetic particles and stellar

1319
00:49:03,730 --> 00:49:01,640
winds that are flowing by you know at

1320
00:49:06,160 --> 00:49:03,740
very high speeds and which have very hot

1321
00:49:08,800 --> 00:49:06,170
gas temperatures so these are going to

1322
00:49:10,900 --> 00:49:08,810
affect what happens to the exoplanet and

1323
00:49:11,950 --> 00:49:10,910
so the four ways that that can be a case

1324
00:49:13,990 --> 00:49:11,960
is that of course we have our own

1325
00:49:16,030 --> 00:49:14,000
stratosphere which is the structure of

1326
00:49:17,770 --> 00:49:16,040
which is determined by the input UV

1327
00:49:19,420 --> 00:49:17,780
radiation to the earth

1328
00:49:21,339 --> 00:49:19,430
this spectrum of input high-energy

1329
00:49:23,010 --> 00:49:21,349
radiation totally effects the

1330
00:49:25,570 --> 00:49:23,020
photochemistry in the upper atmosphere

1331
00:49:28,060 --> 00:49:25,580
and whether or not you have Hayes's form

1332
00:49:30,400 --> 00:49:28,070
that causes transparency to be affected

1333
00:49:32,170 --> 00:49:30,410
so that will affect what we can do with

1334
00:49:34,450 --> 00:49:32,180
our future missions the atmosphere

1335
00:49:36,609 --> 00:49:34,460
erosion and escape is driven in large

1336
00:49:38,290 --> 00:49:36,619
part by these high-energy processes and

1337
00:49:40,210 --> 00:49:38,300
this instability of the atmosphere

1338
00:49:42,910 --> 00:49:40,220
like for example what it's been seen

1339
00:49:44,800 --> 00:49:42,920
with maven and in the case of Mars's

1340
00:49:47,320 --> 00:49:44,810
atmosphere erosion and for the

1341
00:49:49,690 --> 00:49:47,330
biologists this high-energy environment

1342
00:49:51,730 --> 00:49:49,700
is either a good or a bad force for

1343
00:49:53,260 --> 00:49:51,740
forcing biochemical evolution so we

1344
00:49:55,840 --> 00:49:53,270
should really care for habitability

1345
00:49:58,330 --> 00:49:55,850
what's happening in our exoplanet host

1346
00:50:00,790 --> 00:49:58,340
star systems so links will be a leap in

1347
00:50:02,230 --> 00:50:00,800
sensitivity over Chandra Bob because

1348
00:50:04,180 --> 00:50:02,240
it's going to have 50 times the

1349
00:50:06,340 --> 00:50:04,190
effective area which means the optics

1350
00:50:08,770 --> 00:50:06,350
that are shown there on the in center of

1351
00:50:11,260 --> 00:50:08,780
the yellow circle are much more

1352
00:50:13,420 --> 00:50:11,270
concentrated than they were in the case

1353
00:50:16,360 --> 00:50:13,430
of Chandra and it'll have a specific

1354
00:50:18,730 --> 00:50:16,370
instrument set that's advanced as well

1355
00:50:21,720 --> 00:50:18,740
so here shows the Chandra mirrors these

1356
00:50:25,840 --> 00:50:21,730
nested cylinders on the upper left and

1357
00:50:28,300 --> 00:50:25,850
for 1,500 kilograms of mirror mass they

1358
00:50:30,460 --> 00:50:28,310
were only able to get a t-square of

1359
00:50:32,560 --> 00:50:30,470
sorry 0.08 meters squared of collecting

1360
00:50:34,240 --> 00:50:32,570
area links will have a larger outer

1361
00:50:35,560 --> 00:50:34,250
diameter for its primary but but you're

1362
00:50:37,600 --> 00:50:35,570
using these densely packed mirror

1363
00:50:39,970 --> 00:50:37,610
elements you'll be able to achieve much

1364
00:50:42,460 --> 00:50:39,980
larger effective collecting area with a

1365
00:50:43,750 --> 00:50:42,470
smaller mass it will have these three

1366
00:50:45,430 --> 00:50:43,760
instruments which I don't have time to

1367
00:50:47,470 --> 00:50:45,440
go into the grading spectrometer is

1368
00:50:49,810 --> 00:50:47,480
particularly useful for the applications

1369
00:50:52,630 --> 00:50:49,820
we're talking about here and so there

1370
00:50:53,980 --> 00:50:52,640
are really three areas where links could

1371
00:50:57,820 --> 00:50:53,990
be able to build on with Chandra and

1372
00:50:59,620 --> 00:50:57,830
xmm-newton Athena mission I would be

1373
00:51:01,570 --> 00:50:59,630
able to do to help exoplanet

1374
00:51:03,490 --> 00:51:01,580
habitability the first is characterizing

1375
00:51:06,340 --> 00:51:03,500
the spectrum of high energies that are

1376
00:51:10,120 --> 00:51:06,350
incident on our exoplanets and so here

1377
00:51:13,000 --> 00:51:10,130
is a plot of emergent radiation this is

1378
00:51:15,340 --> 00:51:13,010
a model from a store type star going

1379
00:51:17,140 --> 00:51:15,350
from one angstrom out to a thousand

1380
00:51:19,090 --> 00:51:17,150
angstrom so this covers the extreme

1381
00:51:21,040 --> 00:51:19,100
ultraviolet on the right and then sort

1382
00:51:22,630 --> 00:51:21,050
of the soft x-ray region the extreme

1383
00:51:25,780 --> 00:51:22,640
ultraviolet you can see all the lines

1384
00:51:28,060 --> 00:51:25,790
there from multiplied ni species that

1385
00:51:30,700 --> 00:51:28,070
those are the largest source of incoming

1386
00:51:33,460 --> 00:51:30,710
high energy flux that affects the upper

1387
00:51:35,380 --> 00:51:33,470
atmosphere and these issues of

1388
00:51:37,120 --> 00:51:35,390
habitability that we're talking about so

1389
00:51:38,800 --> 00:51:37,130
Lynx is going to not be able to observe

1390
00:51:41,620 --> 00:51:38,810
those directly but it'll be observing

1391
00:51:44,260 --> 00:51:41,630
the higher energy states of the same I

1392
00:51:46,180 --> 00:51:44,270
ins that are emitting in the extreme

1393
00:51:48,130 --> 00:51:46,190
ultraviolet so there'll be a direct way

1394
00:51:50,260 --> 00:51:48,140
to estimate what's happening in the

1395
00:51:51,640 --> 00:51:50,270
extreme ultraviolet from the Lynx

1396
00:51:53,380 --> 00:51:51,650
observations

1397
00:51:55,029 --> 00:51:53,390
and it will be able to do this four

1398
00:51:57,339 --> 00:51:55,039
stars that are inactive not just the

1399
00:51:59,829 --> 00:51:57,349
unusual flaring ones but regular stars

1400
00:52:01,779 --> 00:51:59,839
like the Sun as exoplanet hosts out to

1401
00:52:04,959 --> 00:52:01,789
ten parsecs or so the sensitivity of

1402
00:52:07,269 --> 00:52:04,969
links will be enabling that so then the

1403
00:52:09,640 --> 00:52:07,279
next area where the Lynx observations

1404
00:52:11,620 --> 00:52:09,650
could help is on stellar winds and the

1405
00:52:14,289 --> 00:52:11,630
time variable component we call the

1406
00:52:16,690 --> 00:52:14,299
coronal mass ejections so winds are very

1407
00:52:18,989 --> 00:52:16,700
hard to observe around other stars we

1408
00:52:21,279 --> 00:52:18,999
can't put a particle detector in the

1409
00:52:23,200 --> 00:52:21,289
heliosphere of another star and get back

1410
00:52:26,410 --> 00:52:23,210
measurements of the particle flux is

1411
00:52:28,539 --> 00:52:26,420
there but what we can do is take on very

1412
00:52:30,519 --> 00:52:28,549
highly ionized species like oxygen 7

1413
00:52:31,660 --> 00:52:30,529
here and as it flows out from the star

1414
00:52:33,579 --> 00:52:31,670
it's going to hit the interstellar

1415
00:52:37,089 --> 00:52:33,589
medium the gas between the stars and

1416
00:52:39,519 --> 00:52:37,099
it'll become a charge exchange with a

1417
00:52:41,410 --> 00:52:39,529
proton out there and then it'll be in an

1418
00:52:44,109 --> 00:52:41,420
excited state which will then decay and

1419
00:52:46,569 --> 00:52:44,119
produce x-ray emission so here's a model

1420
00:52:49,660 --> 00:52:46,579
that jeremy calculated back almost 20

1421
00:52:52,719 --> 00:52:49,670
years ago now showing how the radial

1422
00:52:55,660 --> 00:52:52,729
extent of a solar wind will produce this

1423
00:52:57,430 --> 00:52:55,670
charge exchange excited emission out to

1424
00:52:59,920 --> 00:52:57,440
large distances throughout the entire

1425
00:53:01,420 --> 00:52:59,930
sto sphere the bubble that the solar

1426
00:53:03,489 --> 00:53:01,430
wind creates in the interstellar medium

1427
00:53:07,150 --> 00:53:03,499
we don't have the sensitivity to observe

1428
00:53:08,620 --> 00:53:07,160
this with current observatories but

1429
00:53:10,959 --> 00:53:08,630
we'll be actually able to see the

1430
00:53:14,620 --> 00:53:10,969
extended a cloud of x-ray emission

1431
00:53:16,150 --> 00:53:14,630
around up 20 nearby stars here iam by

1432
00:53:17,559 --> 00:53:16,160
measuring the brightness and the size of

1433
00:53:19,569 --> 00:53:17,569
this and making some assumptions about

1434
00:53:21,309 --> 00:53:19,579
the interstellar medium density we'll be

1435
00:53:23,650 --> 00:53:21,319
able to infer the strength of the

1436
00:53:25,390 --> 00:53:23,660
stellar wind and be able hopefully also

1437
00:53:27,430 --> 00:53:25,400
to get some radial velocity measurements

1438
00:53:28,509 --> 00:53:27,440
so at least 20 stars will have direct

1439
00:53:30,880 --> 00:53:28,519
measurements of the particle

1440
00:53:33,219 --> 00:53:30,890
environments that the exoplanets they

1441
00:53:35,589 --> 00:53:33,229
are experiencing so part of that

1442
00:53:37,569 --> 00:53:35,599
environment is the variability in the

1443
00:53:40,319 --> 00:53:37,579
winds these coronal mass ejections seen

1444
00:53:42,069 --> 00:53:40,329
here in the Solar Dynamics Observatory

1445
00:53:44,229 --> 00:53:42,079
observations as these are the kind of

1446
00:53:45,430 --> 00:53:44,239
things that only happen occasionally but

1447
00:53:47,650 --> 00:53:45,440
when they do they have a really large

1448
00:53:50,279 --> 00:53:47,660
effect on atmospheric stripping again in

1449
00:53:53,499 --> 00:53:50,289
the Maven example so here's a Chandra

1450
00:53:56,620 --> 00:53:53,509
Observatory x-ray spectrum spectrum time

1451
00:53:59,229 --> 00:53:56,630
series of these flares and mass ejection

1452
00:54:00,579 --> 00:53:59,239
events going from left to right this is

1453
00:54:02,769 --> 00:54:00,589
something we can see now and very

1454
00:54:04,959 --> 00:54:02,779
flaring and active stars but we can't

1455
00:54:05,240 --> 00:54:04,969
really measure in stars that are more

1456
00:54:07,220 --> 00:54:05,250
like

1457
00:54:10,270 --> 00:54:07,230
son acquiescent 1 so links could make

1458
00:54:12,740 --> 00:54:10,280
this measurement for for typical stars

1459
00:54:14,840 --> 00:54:12,750
along with radial velocity measurements

1460
00:54:17,660 --> 00:54:14,850
of the strength of the flow and this

1461
00:54:18,920 --> 00:54:17,670
would have a large impact the modelers

1462
00:54:21,170 --> 00:54:18,930
who are trying to see how fast

1463
00:54:24,050 --> 00:54:21,180
atmosphere is arose so the last thing is

1464
00:54:27,140 --> 00:54:24,060
just like JWST and the origins mission

1465
00:54:30,170 --> 00:54:27,150
you can do spectroscopy of an exoplanet

1466
00:54:32,330 --> 00:54:30,180
in transit in x-rays so this is the only

1467
00:54:36,620 --> 00:54:32,340
detection that's taken place to date of

1468
00:54:38,570 --> 00:54:36,630
a hot Jupiter HD 189 733 that sorry

1469
00:54:40,220 --> 00:54:38,580
that's incorrectly labeled there with

1470
00:54:42,320 --> 00:54:40,230
the Chandra Observatory you can see it's

1471
00:54:43,640 --> 00:54:42,330
a very marginal detection fortunately we

1472
00:54:46,070 --> 00:54:43,650
know the time of the transit well from

1473
00:54:48,500 --> 00:54:46,080
other techniques but if we can do this

1474
00:54:50,120 --> 00:54:48,510
in the x-ray this is a simulated

1475
00:54:52,010 --> 00:54:50,130
observation with links seen you can see

1476
00:54:54,170 --> 00:54:52,020
the planet moving across the star

1477
00:54:55,550 --> 00:54:54,180
there's a solid core of the planet and

1478
00:54:57,440 --> 00:54:55,560
if there was an extended escaping

1479
00:54:59,420 --> 00:54:57,450
atmosphere that's what will give us the

1480
00:55:01,400 --> 00:54:59,430
leverage to see the absorption feature

1481
00:55:03,470 --> 00:55:01,410
there and then do spectroscopy of it so

1482
00:55:05,390 --> 00:55:03,480
the composition of the atmosphere could

1483
00:55:07,790 --> 00:55:05,400
be inferred for this certainly for hot

1484
00:55:10,160 --> 00:55:07,800
Jupiters around solar-type stars as in

1485
00:55:12,020 --> 00:55:10,170
this example but potentially also for

1486
00:55:13,970 --> 00:55:12,030
earth-size planets around those small M

1487
00:55:16,880 --> 00:55:13,980
stars that we hear our other transit

1488
00:55:19,700 --> 00:55:16,890
missions talk about so in summary you

1489
00:55:21,860 --> 00:55:19,710
know links will assess the energetic

1490
00:55:23,990 --> 00:55:21,870
extreme ultraviolet and x-ray fluxes of

1491
00:55:26,510 --> 00:55:24,000
inactive stars reaching many times

1492
00:55:28,760 --> 00:55:26,520
farther than other facilities and this

1493
00:55:30,980 --> 00:55:28,770
dark energy of the of the winds of the

1494
00:55:32,780 --> 00:55:30,990
stars and kernel mass ejections will

1495
00:55:35,510 --> 00:55:32,790
inform us at what kind of environment

1496
00:55:37,880 --> 00:55:35,520
may have taken place around the

1497
00:55:39,290 --> 00:55:37,890
exoplanets that you know Lua or hab X or

1498
00:55:41,780 --> 00:55:39,300
some future mission would be able to see

1499
00:55:44,030 --> 00:55:41,790
spectra of the composition information

1500
00:55:46,100 --> 00:55:44,040
is potentially there and the main thing

1501
00:55:48,500 --> 00:55:46,110
that main Able's links to do this is it

1502
00:55:50,930 --> 00:55:48,510
has the very high spatial resolution of

1503
00:55:52,820 --> 00:55:50,940
only half an arc second relative to the

1504
00:55:54,410 --> 00:55:52,830
Chandra Observatory and even the start

1505
00:56:04,680 --> 00:55:54,420
relative to the XM m and even the Athena

1506
00:56:12,099 --> 00:56:08,170
okay I would like to invite up doctors

1507
00:56:13,240 --> 00:56:12,109
Meadows Stevenson County and Arnie for a

1508
00:56:14,830 --> 00:56:13,250
panel discussion so if you have

1509
00:56:16,690 --> 00:56:14,840
questions about anything you just saw

1510
00:56:20,170 --> 00:56:16,700
from these folks please head up to the

1511
00:56:21,820 --> 00:56:20,180
microphones and ask your question while

1512
00:56:24,670 --> 00:56:21,830
you're moving there and folks are moving

1513
00:56:26,230 --> 00:56:24,680
up onto the stage to the table I will

1514
00:56:27,280 --> 00:56:26,240
make two points one reminder of

1515
00:56:27,700 --> 00:56:27,290
something Carl said at the start of the

1516
00:56:29,320 --> 00:56:27,710
session

1517
00:56:31,150 --> 00:56:29,330
none of these missions are happening for

1518
00:56:32,980 --> 00:56:31,160
sure they are all constant missions that

1519
00:56:34,690 --> 00:56:32,990
are being submitted to the decadal

1520
00:56:37,240 --> 00:56:34,700
survey the astrophysics decadal survey

1521
00:56:39,490 --> 00:56:37,250
for consideration except for Jay divas

1522
00:56:42,390 --> 00:56:39,500
team which has gone through the Cadle

1523
00:56:45,910 --> 00:56:42,400
survey thank you something we don't know

1524
00:56:49,500 --> 00:56:45,920
thank you and to all of them including

1525
00:56:51,790 --> 00:56:49,510
JWST this time do a lot of astrophysics

1526
00:56:52,930 --> 00:56:51,800
related to how habitable environments

1527
00:56:54,550 --> 00:56:52,940
could have formed in our universe in the

1528
00:56:56,349 --> 00:56:54,560
first place and we asked all all of

1529
00:56:59,109 --> 00:56:56,359
these folks to talk about the exoplanet

1530
00:57:01,030 --> 00:56:59,119
habitability and bioenergy bio signature

1531
00:57:03,550 --> 00:57:01,040
case specifically but it's that's not

1532
00:57:06,250 --> 00:57:03,560
the only astrobiology they do okay I'm

1533
00:57:08,710 --> 00:57:06,260
gonna start with dr. Mary guita I was

1534
00:57:10,480 --> 00:57:08,720
wondering if you guys could comment on

1535
00:57:13,930 --> 00:57:10,490
the other missions that are out there so

1536
00:57:16,930 --> 00:57:13,940
Plateau and Ariel from ISA and also the

1537
00:57:21,280 --> 00:57:16,940
contributions that TMT if it gets built

1538
00:57:22,450 --> 00:57:21,290
an ELT will make to the search maybe

1539
00:57:26,079 --> 00:57:22,460
let's go through the who wants to take

1540
00:57:27,880 --> 00:57:26,089
plate oh I can make play-doh or plot oh

1541
00:57:28,930 --> 00:57:27,890
I know I've never gotten a straight

1542
00:57:32,020 --> 00:57:28,940
answer and how I'm supposed to pronounce

1543
00:57:37,420 --> 00:57:32,030
it so this is a fantastic mission which

1544
00:57:40,800 --> 00:57:37,430
is a ISA m4 as I think m4 mission and

1545
00:57:44,250 --> 00:57:40,810
it's you can think of it something like

1546
00:57:47,320 --> 00:57:44,260
Hubble on steroids so it has a 500

1547
00:57:50,140 --> 00:57:47,330
square degree field of view it has

1548
00:57:52,810 --> 00:57:50,150
something like 32 cameras and they're

1549
00:57:55,329 --> 00:57:52,820
gonna what look at their in within this

1550
00:57:56,770 --> 00:57:55,339
500 square degree field of view it's

1551
00:57:59,770 --> 00:57:56,780
going to look at so that's roughly five

1552
00:58:01,210 --> 00:57:59,780
times Kepler it's gonna look the set

1553
00:58:03,099 --> 00:58:01,220
they'll have several cameras pointing at

1554
00:58:05,020 --> 00:58:03,109
each section and there'll be a central I

1555
00:58:07,990 --> 00:58:05,030
think 200 square degrees where there's

1556
00:58:09,790 --> 00:58:08,000
32 cameras it has a somewhat different

1557
00:58:11,500 --> 00:58:09,800
strategy as Kepler at least the current

1558
00:58:12,300 --> 00:58:11,510
plan scratch strategy it's still in flux

1559
00:58:15,060 --> 00:58:12,310
as I understand

1560
00:58:16,710 --> 00:58:15,070
it it will look at two fields for two to

1561
00:58:18,690 --> 00:58:16,720
three years each

1562
00:58:21,390 --> 00:58:18,700
so it'll that's sort of almost the

1563
00:58:23,070 --> 00:58:21,400
duration of the Kepler large field and

1564
00:58:25,470 --> 00:58:23,080
so it will be sensitive potentially

1565
00:58:26,910 --> 00:58:25,480
habitable planets earth-like planets

1566
00:58:29,580 --> 00:58:26,920
orbiting sun-like stars so it could

1567
00:58:31,800 --> 00:58:29,590
improve our estimate of a to earth but

1568
00:58:34,170 --> 00:58:31,810
it also do a steppin stare for along the

1569
00:58:35,820 --> 00:58:34,180
ecliptic if I don't remember how many is

1570
00:58:37,890 --> 00:58:35,830
something like a dozen fields and so

1571
00:58:41,280 --> 00:58:37,900
it'll find a lot of really bright stars

1572
00:58:43,080 --> 00:58:41,290
I think but plateaus real contribution

1573
00:58:44,820 --> 00:58:43,090
that's going to be not only finding

1574
00:58:47,220 --> 00:58:44,830
transiting planets around bright stars

1575
00:58:48,930 --> 00:58:47,230
but it'll actually be able to do Astro

1576
00:58:50,880 --> 00:58:48,940
seismology at a very large number of

1577
00:58:52,830 --> 00:58:50,890
stars so we can be able to do things

1578
00:58:54,450 --> 00:58:52,840
like ask about the frequency of planets

1579
00:58:56,730 --> 00:58:54,460
as a function of not only the host

1580
00:58:57,990 --> 00:58:56,740
spectral type but also the age and I

1581
00:59:00,210 --> 00:58:58,000
think that's one of the most important

1582
00:59:03,030 --> 00:59:00,220
things so when someone do you want to

1583
00:59:04,380 --> 00:59:03,040
take Arielle so oil is also an Easton

1584
00:59:08,460 --> 00:59:04,390
mission is planning to launch I think in

1585
00:59:11,880 --> 00:59:08,470
2027 or 2028 it is a roughly one meter

1586
00:59:13,920 --> 00:59:11,890
diameter Mir but 1.1 by 0.7 it's an oval

1587
00:59:16,170 --> 00:59:13,930
mirror and it'll do primarily

1588
00:59:18,630 --> 00:59:16,180
transmission and mission spectroscopy so

1589
00:59:20,190 --> 00:59:18,640
this will be operating typically in the

1590
00:59:22,170 --> 00:59:20,200
near and mid-infrared it has an

1591
00:59:24,000 --> 00:59:22,180
instrument for two to seven microns and

1592
00:59:26,370 --> 00:59:24,010
also a second guiding instrument with

1593
00:59:28,980 --> 00:59:26,380
some spectroscopy capabilities in these

1594
00:59:31,230 --> 00:59:28,990
sort of 0.5 to 2 micron range its

1595
00:59:34,370 --> 00:59:31,240
primary science focus will be more

1596
00:59:37,440 --> 00:59:34,380
survey based rather than looking at a

1597
00:59:39,540 --> 00:59:37,450
small number of exoplanets because the

1598
00:59:41,640 --> 00:59:39,550
overlapping wavelength range with James

1599
00:59:43,230 --> 00:59:41,650
Webb it won't be able to do the in-depth

1600
00:59:45,300 --> 00:59:43,240
atmosphere characterization but if you

1601
00:59:47,130 --> 00:59:45,310
think about how much time it takes to

1602
00:59:49,170 --> 00:59:47,140
build up a statistically significant

1603
00:59:51,420 --> 00:59:49,180
sample size for many of these for sample

1604
00:59:53,100 --> 00:59:51,430
hot Jupiters and warm Neptune's it will

1605
00:59:55,200 --> 00:59:53,110
be able to look at hundreds of these

1606
00:59:57,570 --> 00:59:55,210
planets perhaps doing phase curve

1607
00:59:59,940 --> 00:59:57,580
observations certainly the transits and

1608
01:00:01,380 --> 00:59:59,950
eclipses and build up a broader

1609
01:00:03,330 --> 01:00:01,390
understanding of these planets this is a

1610
01:00:05,760 --> 01:00:03,340
really good opportunity to do exoplanet

1611
01:00:10,170 --> 01:00:05,770
plug atmospheric studies with the

1612
01:00:11,910 --> 01:00:10,180
planets and so for the ground-based yes

1613
01:00:12,570 --> 01:00:11,920
there are three telescopes that are

1614
01:00:17,550 --> 01:00:12,580
being built

1615
01:00:20,580 --> 01:00:17,560
TMT GMT and ELT two to US and European

1616
01:00:22,400 --> 01:00:20,590
telescopes as well and they will have 30

1617
01:00:24,270 --> 01:00:22,410
to 40 metre apertures on the ground

1618
01:00:25,950 --> 01:00:24,280
their challenge is

1619
01:00:27,390 --> 01:00:25,960
looking through an earth-like habitable

1620
01:00:28,980 --> 01:00:27,400
atmosphere to try and study in

1621
01:00:30,510 --> 01:00:28,990
earth-like how to atmosphere elsewhere

1622
01:00:32,040 --> 01:00:30,520
but they've come out with a really

1623
01:00:34,740 --> 01:00:32,050
interesting technique called template

1624
01:00:37,470 --> 01:00:34,750
matching where they use ultra-high

1625
01:00:39,780 --> 01:00:37,480
resolution spectroscopy and rely on the

1626
01:00:41,700 --> 01:00:39,790
motion of the planet around its start as

1627
01:00:43,350 --> 01:00:41,710
she shift those spectral lines backwards

1628
01:00:44,940 --> 01:00:43,360
and forwards and if you know the orbital

1629
01:00:47,190 --> 01:00:44,950
period you can actually look for

1630
01:00:48,480 --> 01:00:47,200
something shifting in the data that is

1631
01:00:50,130 --> 01:00:48,490
not the Earth's atmosphere the Earth's

1632
01:00:52,590 --> 01:00:50,140
atmosphere thankfully stays very steady

1633
01:00:54,060 --> 01:00:52,600
and so the these lines will move

1634
01:00:56,280 --> 01:00:54,070
backwards and forwards within that so

1635
01:00:58,710 --> 01:00:56,290
there is the possibility in the next

1636
01:01:00,780 --> 01:00:58,720
three to five years potentially to go

1637
01:01:02,940 --> 01:01:00,790
for oxygen from the ground using this

1638
01:01:04,500 --> 01:01:02,950
particular technique but we've yet to

1639
01:01:06,480 --> 01:01:04,510
see how successful that's going to be

1640
01:01:08,430 --> 01:01:06,490
you know even with that shift whether or

1641
01:01:10,350 --> 01:01:08,440
not we're able to disentangle that from

1642
01:01:12,300 --> 01:01:10,360
the Earth's atmosphere but that's

1643
01:01:13,320 --> 01:01:12,310
certainly high on the list for those

1644
01:01:15,060 --> 01:01:13,330
telescopes and some of the first

1645
01:01:17,220 --> 01:01:15,070
generation instruments are going to be

1646
01:01:20,340 --> 01:01:17,230
looking for that at the moment the VLT

1647
01:01:21,870 --> 01:01:20,350
the Very Large Telescope which is the

1648
01:01:24,900 --> 01:01:21,880
precursor of the ELT the extremely large

1649
01:01:26,160 --> 01:01:24,910
telescope so the VLT they're also

1650
01:01:28,800 --> 01:01:26,170
looking at potentially coupling

1651
01:01:30,540 --> 01:01:28,810
instruments together a sort of a

1652
01:01:33,000 --> 01:01:30,550
starlight suppression system and a very

1653
01:01:34,830 --> 01:01:33,010
high resolution spectrometer to be able

1654
01:01:37,860 --> 01:01:34,840
to go after this in the very short term

1655
01:01:41,070 --> 01:01:37,870
for Proxima Centauri B which is a very

1656
01:01:42,600 --> 01:01:41,080
good target for that so possibly even in

1657
01:01:44,370 --> 01:01:42,610
sort of the next three to five years we

1658
01:01:46,410 --> 01:01:44,380
might have actually attempt to do that

1659
01:01:47,910 --> 01:01:46,420
so the ground will race JWST actually

1660
01:01:50,400 --> 01:01:47,920
for the first detection of an atmosphere

1661
01:01:52,800 --> 01:01:50,410
around a terrestrial type planet I will

1662
01:01:54,360 --> 01:01:52,810
say that for a handful of targets I

1663
01:01:56,430 --> 01:01:54,370
think it's it's still under somewhat of

1664
01:01:58,500 --> 01:01:56,440
a debate exactly how many and it depends

1665
01:02:00,150 --> 01:01:58,510
on what the ultimate performance of

1666
01:02:02,580 --> 01:02:00,160
these very large telescopes are going to

1667
01:02:05,550 --> 01:02:02,590
be it may be able to do direct imaging

1668
01:02:07,770 --> 01:02:05,560
of earth-like planets around em nearby M

1669
01:02:09,900 --> 01:02:07,780
stars a handful of nearby M stars and

1670
01:02:12,560 --> 01:02:09,910
also maybe we'd be able to do mid

1671
01:02:16,200 --> 01:02:12,570
infrared observations I think there's a

1672
01:02:18,300 --> 01:02:16,210
tellement called Medus on ELT that could

1673
01:02:20,880 --> 01:02:18,310
actually do thermal observations and for

1674
01:02:23,370 --> 01:02:20,890
even a very small number of planets and

1675
01:02:26,640 --> 01:02:23,380
may be possible to do both optical and

1676
01:02:28,680 --> 01:02:26,650
mid infrared imaging to get both the

1677
01:02:30,390 --> 01:02:28,690
spectra but also the sizes and albedo

1678
01:02:33,450 --> 01:02:30,400
and radii which would be

1679
01:02:34,980 --> 01:02:33,460
quite impressive one other comment so

1680
01:02:36,240 --> 01:02:34,990
there's the there's the template

1681
01:02:37,920 --> 01:02:36,250
matching technique but there's also just

1682
01:02:39,120 --> 01:02:37,930
transmission spectroscopy which will

1683
01:02:40,080 --> 01:02:39,130
also be attempted and I believe there's

1684
01:02:43,050 --> 01:02:40,090
gonna be a talk on that in the

1685
01:02:44,370 --> 01:02:43,060
characterizing exoplanets session so but

1686
01:02:46,410 --> 01:02:44,380
the but the thing you should take away

1687
01:02:48,390 --> 01:02:46,420
from this too is except for the direct

1688
01:02:49,710 --> 01:02:48,400
imaging we will again be studying these

1689
01:02:52,410 --> 01:02:49,720
M dwarf planets which have this

1690
01:02:53,460 --> 01:02:52,420
interesting childhood and and that's and

1691
01:02:54,690 --> 01:02:53,470
that's fun and interesting from a

1692
01:02:56,220 --> 01:02:54,700
terrestrial exoplanet evolution

1693
01:02:58,410 --> 01:02:56,230
standpoint but if we really want to go

1694
01:03:00,810 --> 01:02:58,420
after the sun-like stars things like you

1695
01:03:03,210 --> 01:03:00,820
know the star that we orbit then we are

1696
01:03:06,360 --> 01:03:03,220
waiting for the space-based direct

1697
01:03:09,300 --> 01:03:06,370
imaging missions to do that okay next

1698
01:03:12,600 --> 01:03:09,310
question here hi Ben Pierce McMaster

1699
01:03:14,940 --> 01:03:12,610
University so after listening to dr.

1700
01:03:17,130 --> 01:03:14,950
meadows and dr. Arnie's talks it sounds

1701
01:03:20,100 --> 01:03:17,140
to me like the remote detection of

1702
01:03:22,950 --> 01:03:20,110
oxygen in a planetary atmosphere with

1703
01:03:24,900 --> 01:03:22,960
Jeddah vesti and loop are is kind of

1704
01:03:27,930 --> 01:03:24,910
grim at least with respect to Trappist

1705
01:03:29,640 --> 01:03:27,940
one-e-and with low atmospheric levels of

1706
01:03:31,470 --> 01:03:29,650
oxygen so can you comment more on this

1707
01:03:33,330 --> 01:03:31,480
you know is there potential to fine

1708
01:03:35,160 --> 01:03:33,340
oxygen and and what are the limits what

1709
01:03:37,170 --> 01:03:35,170
does the planet have to have for for

1710
01:03:40,260 --> 01:03:37,180
oxygen levels in order for you to detect

1711
01:03:42,870 --> 01:03:40,270
it well I don't think it's criminal for

1712
01:03:45,780 --> 01:03:42,880
levar I think Earth's history tells us

1713
01:03:47,070 --> 01:03:45,790
that maybe earth-like planets with large

1714
01:03:48,540 --> 01:03:47,080
amounts of oxygen might not be too

1715
01:03:50,760 --> 01:03:48,550
common if we just think about the

1716
01:03:52,800 --> 01:03:50,770
history of our planet but that isn't the

1717
01:03:54,270 --> 01:03:52,810
be-all-end-all of bio signatures like we

1718
01:03:55,560 --> 01:03:54,280
frequently start our conversations with

1719
01:03:57,060 --> 01:03:55,570
oxygen just because it's such an

1720
01:03:59,580 --> 01:03:57,070
important byte signature for Earth and

1721
01:04:00,960 --> 01:03:59,590
modern day earth but there are other bio

1722
01:04:02,220 --> 01:04:00,970
signatures that we need to be thinking

1723
01:04:04,320 --> 01:04:02,230
about because they have been strongly

1724
01:04:06,420 --> 01:04:04,330
detectable for a large fraction of our

1725
01:04:07,800 --> 01:04:06,430
planets history like methane in the

1726
01:04:09,810 --> 01:04:07,810
context of an atmosphere a lot of co2

1727
01:04:12,510 --> 01:04:09,820
would implies high source fluxes of that

1728
01:04:14,220 --> 01:04:12,520
methane that can point to life ozone is

1729
01:04:15,990 --> 01:04:14,230
a way to indirectly infer the presence

1730
01:04:17,850 --> 01:04:16,000
of oxygen even if you can't detect the

1731
01:04:19,380 --> 01:04:17,860
oxygen itself if you can detect that

1732
01:04:20,910 --> 01:04:19,390
ozone feature you know the oxygen is

1733
01:04:23,010 --> 01:04:20,920
there it's just not you know it's just

1734
01:04:24,690 --> 01:04:23,020
not especially expressing itself so I

1735
01:04:28,110 --> 01:04:24,700
knew that the picture is not quite so

1736
01:04:29,859 --> 01:04:28,120
grim as it might have come across like I

1737
01:04:31,569 --> 01:04:29,869
I'm actually pretty optimistic

1738
01:04:33,699 --> 01:04:31,579
about lavars prospects for biased

1739
01:04:35,859 --> 01:04:33,709
nurtured detection yeah so I I'm

1740
01:04:37,929 --> 01:04:35,869
surprised that you got that from from

1741
01:04:39,370 --> 01:04:37,939
will give our presentation and if you

1742
01:04:41,829 --> 01:04:39,380
thought mad that's why I'm sure you

1743
01:04:44,380 --> 01:04:41,839
think Havoc's is completely dead not

1744
01:04:46,420 --> 01:04:44,390
just grim but actually have X was

1745
01:04:48,309 --> 01:04:46,430
designed to be able to detect the oxygen

1746
01:04:49,989 --> 01:04:48,319
band at point I mean it one of the

1747
01:04:51,880 --> 01:04:49,999
requirements is that it is able to

1748
01:04:55,269 --> 01:04:51,890
detect at signal-to-noise 10 and

1749
01:04:58,059 --> 01:04:55,279
resolution of 140 the oxygen the o2 band

1750
01:05:00,819 --> 01:04:58,069
at 0.76 microns is that right

1751
01:05:03,309 --> 01:05:00,829
and of course ozone is is much easier to

1752
01:05:05,920 --> 01:05:03,319
detect so you could detect ozone and

1753
01:05:07,599 --> 01:05:05,930
even lower levels and as Giada and Giada

1754
01:05:09,729 --> 01:05:07,609
said and maybe this point wasn't I

1755
01:05:11,589 --> 01:05:09,739
didn't make this very clearly we

1756
01:05:13,959 --> 01:05:11,599
actually think that we can detect a lot

1757
01:05:16,209 --> 01:05:13,969
of the bio alternative bio signatures

1758
01:05:18,519 --> 01:05:16,219
that Giada talked about over the course

1759
01:05:21,370 --> 01:05:18,529
of the earth even with Havoc's of course

1760
01:05:23,499 --> 01:05:21,380
it's for much smaller numbers of targets

1761
01:05:25,929 --> 01:05:23,509
but nevertheless we can still do it for

1762
01:05:27,459 --> 01:05:25,939
a significant number significant a large

1763
01:05:29,199 --> 01:05:27,469
enough sample that we can say put an

1764
01:05:31,479 --> 01:05:29,209
interesting upper limit so I don't think

1765
01:05:33,519 --> 01:05:31,489
it's grim at all I think with the only

1766
01:05:36,669 --> 01:05:33,529
place where it's slightly it's slightly

1767
01:05:37,929 --> 01:05:36,679
grim is maybe bio signatures with JWST

1768
01:05:40,390 --> 01:05:37,939
would you agree with that Vickie

1769
01:05:43,749 --> 01:05:40,400
absolutely so so I think these to you

1770
01:05:47,410 --> 01:05:43,759
the oxygen bio signature with JWST is

1771
01:05:48,789 --> 01:05:47,420
grim but we can detect very high levels

1772
01:05:50,199 --> 01:05:48,799
of oxygen from ocean laws pretty

1773
01:05:52,120 --> 01:05:50,209
straightforwardly so you may we may

1774
01:05:53,709 --> 01:05:52,130
ironically see oxygen on planets

1775
01:05:54,669 --> 01:05:53,719
orbitting M dwarfs but at such abundance

1776
01:05:56,140 --> 01:05:54,679
that it doesn't look like it's a

1777
01:05:58,539 --> 01:05:56,150
biosphere looks like it's a remnant lost

1778
01:06:00,130 --> 01:05:58,549
ocean so that's gonna happen but then we

1779
01:06:01,509 --> 01:06:00,140
also have the ground and and the ground

1780
01:06:02,829 --> 01:06:01,519
will go so in the near term in the next

1781
01:06:05,529 --> 01:06:02,839
five years the ground is going to go

1782
01:06:07,089 --> 01:06:05,539
after the oxygen as well so I don't

1783
01:06:09,640 --> 01:06:07,099
think it's grim in this landscape it's

1784
01:06:10,870 --> 01:06:09,650
just you know JWST has a certain and I

1785
01:06:13,449 --> 01:06:10,880
may have glossed over it in the summary

1786
01:06:15,699 --> 01:06:13,459
but jdbc is gonna be awesome for methane

1787
01:06:17,890 --> 01:06:15,709
even at current earth light fluxes and

1788
01:06:19,419 --> 01:06:17,900
so it can go after the methane the

1789
01:06:21,279 --> 01:06:19,429
ground could go after the o2 in the

1790
01:06:22,809 --> 01:06:21,289
short term and then we have these you

1791
01:06:24,489 --> 01:06:22,819
know potentially at the selection of a

1792
01:06:26,739 --> 01:06:24,499
far more capable any of these telescopes

1793
01:06:28,569 --> 01:06:26,749
are far more capable than what JWST will

1794
01:06:30,069 --> 01:06:28,579
be able to do and so there's this I

1795
01:06:31,589 --> 01:06:30,079
think a very bright future for oxygen

1796
01:06:33,550 --> 01:06:31,599
detection from one of these missions

1797
01:06:36,700 --> 01:06:33,560
thank you

1798
01:06:39,580 --> 01:06:36,710
Kevin your speak for origins on ozone or

1799
01:06:42,130 --> 01:06:39,590
oxygen right so Origin Space Telescope

1800
01:06:44,710 --> 01:06:42,140
won't have access directly to oxygen but

1801
01:06:46,750 --> 01:06:44,720
because ozone as the giada was

1802
01:06:49,240 --> 01:06:46,760
mentioning if presence of ozone

1803
01:06:50,380 --> 01:06:49,250
indicates the oxygen exists we'll be

1804
01:06:54,160 --> 01:06:50,390
able to detect that nine point eight

1805
01:06:55,600 --> 01:06:54,170
microns and I think with web with the

1806
01:06:57,340 --> 01:06:55,610
Miri instrument and will be challenging

1807
01:06:59,100 --> 01:06:57,350
to do but with origins if it goes

1808
01:07:02,080 --> 01:06:59,110
through with as designed then I think

1809
01:07:04,450 --> 01:07:02,090
zone will be after co2 the next easiest

1810
01:07:06,130 --> 01:07:04,460
molecule to detect any I believe just a

1811
01:07:08,470 --> 01:07:06,140
point of clarification I for trap for

1812
01:07:09,550 --> 01:07:08,480
the Trappist system it is a little bit

1813
01:07:10,740 --> 01:07:09,560
more grim for the direct imaging

1814
01:07:14,170 --> 01:07:10,750
missions is that correct

1815
01:07:15,490 --> 01:07:14,180
transition yeah it's it's I'm sorry for

1816
01:07:23,070 --> 01:07:15,500
the drugged imitate transiting for the

1817
01:07:27,280 --> 01:07:25,510
toxin we could do right and Proxima

1818
01:07:28,990 --> 01:07:27,290
sentient transit so direct imaging is

1819
01:07:31,030 --> 01:07:29,000
the best way to go and after that that

1820
01:07:34,120 --> 01:07:31,040
and the the ground-based template

1821
01:07:35,980 --> 01:07:34,130
matching there's your question yep okay

1822
01:07:38,020 --> 01:07:35,990
Carl I think you were next and then

1823
01:07:41,110 --> 01:07:38,030
we'll come to this other mic thanks i'm

1824
01:07:42,400 --> 01:07:41,120
karl pilkington stitute of science and i

1825
01:07:45,430 --> 01:07:42,410
don't have a question but i'd like to

1826
01:07:48,010 --> 01:07:45,440
make two related observations the first

1827
01:07:49,660 --> 01:07:48,020
is that we have just seen an update on

1828
01:07:52,000 --> 01:07:49,670
the planning for what is clearly a

1829
01:07:54,610 --> 01:07:52,010
century long or perhaps more than a

1830
01:07:58,120 --> 01:07:54,620
century long endeavor and it's worth

1831
01:08:00,280 --> 01:07:58,130
reflecting on how remarkable it is that

1832
01:08:03,160 --> 01:08:00,290
the federal government supports an

1833
01:08:06,070 --> 01:08:03,170
endeavor of this nature most federal

1834
01:08:08,740 --> 01:08:06,080
agencies do not work on century long

1835
01:08:11,470 --> 01:08:08,750
timescales in fact you're hard-pressed

1836
01:08:14,320 --> 01:08:11,480
to find a federal agency that works on a

1837
01:08:17,710 --> 01:08:14,330
time scale longer than oh let's say five

1838
01:08:20,140 --> 01:08:17,720
years occasionally ten the Veterans

1839
01:08:22,809 --> 01:08:20,150
Administration is one for obvious

1840
01:08:27,660 --> 01:08:22,819
reasons the EPA when it's working

1841
01:08:31,450 --> 01:08:27,670
properly is another but this concept of

1842
01:08:35,230 --> 01:08:31,460
the federal government supporting a a

1843
01:08:37,450 --> 01:08:35,240
century long endeavor to get information

1844
01:08:39,370 --> 01:08:37,460
about earth-like planets and and

1845
01:08:41,650 --> 01:08:39,380
potentially find life on a planet around

1846
01:08:44,650 --> 01:08:41,660
another star is just amazing and it

1847
01:08:45,160 --> 01:08:44,660
speaks I think to how compelling this

1848
01:08:49,590 --> 01:08:45,170
and

1849
01:08:51,880 --> 01:08:49,600
is it's compelling on the same level as

1850
01:08:54,970 --> 01:08:51,890
maintaining the habitability of our own

1851
01:08:57,820 --> 01:08:54,980
planet and supporting people who have

1852
01:09:01,030 --> 01:08:57,830
served this planet this country and and

1853
01:09:03,550 --> 01:09:01,040
in some cases at great great expense to

1854
01:09:07,680 --> 01:09:03,560
themselves so it's worth thinking about

1855
01:09:11,590 --> 01:09:07,690
that the other observation is how many

1856
01:09:14,680 --> 01:09:11,600
young people students other early career

1857
01:09:16,630 --> 01:09:14,690
researchers are here at this meeting I'm

1858
01:09:20,050 --> 01:09:16,640
seeing lots and lots of faces that I

1859
01:09:22,660 --> 01:09:20,060
have not seen at previous apps icons and

1860
01:09:24,729 --> 01:09:22,670
one of the great things about this field

1861
01:09:27,450 --> 01:09:24,739
in this community of course and I think

1862
01:09:31,030 --> 01:09:27,460
everybody in this room knows it is how

1863
01:09:32,979 --> 01:09:31,040
well it attracts the best young

1864
01:09:35,260 --> 01:09:32,989
researchers because we have these

1865
01:09:38,860 --> 01:09:35,270
profoundly important problems and

1866
01:09:39,999 --> 01:09:38,870
stimulating problems to work on the

1867
01:09:43,780 --> 01:09:40,009
relationship between these two

1868
01:09:46,090 --> 01:09:43,790
observations is is pretty clear it's a

1869
01:09:48,099 --> 01:09:46,100
really good thing that the second one is

1870
01:09:51,010 --> 01:09:48,109
true given that the first one is true

1871
01:09:54,760 --> 01:09:51,020
but it really is I think together these

1872
01:09:57,620 --> 01:09:54,770
are really the the glories of this field

1873
01:10:03,879 --> 01:10:01,359
[Applause]

1874
01:10:05,890 --> 01:10:03,889
those are two fantastic points I want to

1875
01:10:09,070 --> 01:10:05,900
I want to mention something about the

1876
01:10:12,129 --> 01:10:09,080
briefly sort of a debrief on your second

1877
01:10:15,010 --> 01:10:12,139
point which is that the exoplanet field

1878
01:10:19,089 --> 01:10:15,020
itself is relatively young right so I

1879
01:10:21,820 --> 01:10:19,099
started a few months before 51 peg B was

1880
01:10:24,490 --> 01:10:21,830
announced and I grew up with many of the

1881
01:10:26,620 --> 01:10:24,500
people that that I talked to on a

1882
01:10:28,240 --> 01:10:26,630
regular basis we grew up as graduate

1883
01:10:30,250 --> 01:10:28,250
students together when we could count

1884
01:10:33,490 --> 01:10:30,260
the number of exoplanets on one hand and

1885
01:10:35,229 --> 01:10:33,500
actually knew their names now it's 4,000

1886
01:10:36,700 --> 01:10:35,239
and some and yeah I don't have that

1887
01:10:40,720 --> 01:10:36,710
memory anymore

1888
01:10:42,459 --> 01:10:40,730
so I think in the ex for example in the

1889
01:10:44,500 --> 01:10:42,469
National Academy of Sciences exoplanet

1890
01:10:48,250 --> 01:10:44,510
science strategy we worked very very

1891
01:10:52,899 --> 01:10:48,260
hard to have exactly equal gender

1892
01:10:54,729 --> 01:10:52,909
balance in our committee was extremely

1893
01:10:58,060 --> 01:10:54,739
young in fact I was one of the oldest

1894
01:11:00,160 --> 01:10:58,070
people on the community and and that was

1895
01:11:01,930 --> 01:11:00,170
by that was intentional because that's

1896
01:11:03,879 --> 01:11:01,940
because the field itself is very young

1897
01:11:06,700 --> 01:11:03,889
and I think the astrobiology field is

1898
01:11:09,580 --> 01:11:06,710
probably even younger in many ways and

1899
01:11:11,740 --> 01:11:09,590
so I and then that speak and it's not

1900
01:11:14,140 --> 01:11:11,750
only nice to have the young people who

1901
01:11:15,879 --> 01:11:14,150
are invested in the future but it also

1902
01:11:18,220 --> 01:11:15,889
that also helps to increase the

1903
01:11:21,939 --> 01:11:18,230
diversity and the representation from

1904
01:11:24,729 --> 01:11:21,949
underrepresented groups yet by drawing

1905
01:11:26,500 --> 01:11:24,739
from a broader pool of people and so

1906
01:11:28,270 --> 01:11:26,510
that I think makes these committees and

1907
01:11:31,060 --> 01:11:28,280
this whole endeavor a bunch more

1908
01:11:34,240 --> 01:11:31,070
powerful and much more a much more

1909
01:11:36,520 --> 01:11:34,250
capable group of people than than if we

1910
01:11:42,760 --> 01:11:36,530
were drawing from the usual suspects

1911
01:11:44,260 --> 01:11:42,770
which I won't specify like me and and I

1912
01:11:45,640 --> 01:11:44,270
absolutely agree with that point too and

1913
01:11:47,379 --> 01:11:45,650
and since this plenary is kind of

1914
01:11:49,750 --> 01:11:47,389
supposed to pique your interest in feed

1915
01:11:51,220 --> 01:11:49,760
into the sessions that come afterwards I

1916
01:11:52,600 --> 01:11:51,230
want to give a shout out for the

1917
01:11:53,830 --> 01:11:52,610
characterizing exoplanets for how'd

1918
01:11:55,959 --> 01:11:53,840
ability and life session which will be

1919
01:11:57,669 --> 01:11:55,969
full of some absolutely fantastic early

1920
01:11:59,050 --> 01:11:57,679
career scientists I'm presenting their

1921
01:12:01,180 --> 01:11:59,060
work and in particular I wanted to give

1922
01:12:04,089 --> 01:12:01,190
a shout out to Jake rusty Yeager my talk

1923
01:12:06,430 --> 01:12:04,099
is pretty much jake's thesis and so go

1924
01:12:07,780 --> 01:12:06,440
go go listen to those talks and learn

1925
01:12:09,990 --> 01:12:07,790
more about this from the people who are

1926
01:12:13,450 --> 01:12:10,000
actually doing the work

1927
01:12:15,370 --> 01:12:13,460
here and then back over there yeah so I

1928
01:12:16,840 --> 01:12:15,380
was what Michael Schiavo I'm from

1929
01:12:18,700 --> 01:12:16,850
George's - technology I was just

1930
01:12:21,460 --> 01:12:18,710
wondering if there's any benefit to

1931
01:12:25,750 --> 01:12:21,470
using the Sun Shade with these other

1932
01:12:28,030 --> 01:12:25,760
mission architectures I'll say I guess

1933
01:12:28,330 --> 01:12:28,040
all they have to take that one so it's a

1934
01:12:30,820 --> 01:12:28,340
wheats

1935
01:12:32,560 --> 01:12:30,830
typically called a star shade friends

1936
01:12:35,020 --> 01:12:32,570
like all the space dayz whatever it

1937
01:12:38,650 --> 01:12:35,030
makes you happy it does look like a

1938
01:12:42,360 --> 01:12:38,660
daisy so the nice thing about the Stars

1939
01:12:44,590 --> 01:12:42,370
about a star star shade is that you can

1940
01:12:46,450 --> 01:12:44,600
let's see how do I say this in a play

1941
01:12:49,030 --> 01:12:46,460
way you can pretty much put any

1942
01:12:52,360 --> 01:12:49,040
telescope behind it and as long as it

1943
01:12:53,860 --> 01:12:52,370
has the collecting area and and it'll

1944
01:12:55,420 --> 01:12:53,870
it'll base and you know actually

1945
01:12:58,390 --> 01:12:55,430
reflects photons at the wavelengths you

1946
01:13:00,250 --> 01:12:58,400
want then it basically works fine and

1947
01:13:02,980 --> 01:13:00,260
that's the beauty of the star shade so

1948
01:13:05,200 --> 01:13:02,990
any sort of crappy wobbly telescope you

1949
01:13:07,000 --> 01:13:05,210
have whatever that's that's fine it just

1950
01:13:08,590 --> 01:13:07,010
has to have a significant at the truck

1951
01:13:11,320 --> 01:13:08,600
aperture to get the photons from the

1952
01:13:13,780 --> 01:13:11,330
planet so there is an endeavor led by

1953
01:13:16,300 --> 01:13:13,790
Sara Seager probe class mission study

1954
01:13:19,050 --> 01:13:16,310
called rendezvous which would rendezvous

1955
01:13:22,450 --> 01:13:19,060
with the W first Space Telescope and

1956
01:13:25,570 --> 01:13:22,460
enable direct imaging of exoplanets now

1957
01:13:27,730 --> 01:13:25,580
of course it won't be as capable as as

1958
01:13:29,980 --> 01:13:27,740
it have X or lukewarm eye any stretch of

1959
01:13:33,700 --> 01:13:29,990
the imagination it's a smaller star

1960
01:13:36,490 --> 01:13:33,710
shade it's a smaller aperture but it

1961
01:13:38,710 --> 01:13:36,500
will it will it will be able to do so a

1962
01:13:40,900 --> 01:13:38,720
lot of great science and furthermore it

1963
01:13:43,420 --> 01:13:40,910
will actually it demonstrate this

1964
01:13:45,610 --> 01:13:43,430
technology of a star shade which will

1965
01:13:48,280 --> 01:13:45,620
then enable future missions like have X

1966
01:13:50,140 --> 01:13:48,290
or or maybe a Louvre RB with a star

1967
01:13:53,230 --> 01:13:50,150
shade or a Louvre X or somewhere in

1968
01:13:54,370 --> 01:13:53,240
between so that's that's the one that's

1969
01:13:56,260 --> 01:13:54,380
one of the beautiful things about the

1970
01:13:59,230 --> 01:13:56,270
star shade is it it can be matched up

1971
01:14:01,330 --> 01:13:59,240
with any telescope even JWST for example

1972
01:14:04,900 --> 01:14:01,340
though that's has practical problems

1973
01:14:06,340 --> 01:14:04,910
otherwise like timing and I agree that

1974
01:14:08,530 --> 01:14:06,350
star shades are awesome they have

1975
01:14:10,780 --> 01:14:08,540
fantastic throughput convert to at least

1976
01:14:11,320 --> 01:14:10,790
current karna graphic designs I love

1977
01:14:13,120 --> 01:14:11,330
star shades

1978
01:14:15,250 --> 01:14:13,130
I cut a lot of my scientific teeth

1979
01:14:16,690 --> 01:14:15,260
working on observing exoplanets to start

1980
01:14:19,060 --> 01:14:16,700
shades as an undergrad at the University

1981
01:14:20,770 --> 01:14:19,070
of Colorado and the reason why Lou guar

1982
01:14:22,210 --> 01:14:20,780
doesn't have a star shade as part of its

1983
01:14:25,660 --> 01:14:22,220
baseline concept is because it would

1984
01:14:28,960 --> 01:14:25,670
have to be absolutely enormous possibly

1985
01:14:31,510 --> 01:14:28,970
too big to fit into a rocket and easily

1986
01:14:33,600 --> 01:14:31,520
so the star shade you know it grows with

1987
01:14:35,980 --> 01:14:33,610
the size of the telescope and so I

1988
01:14:37,330 --> 01:14:35,990
forget exactly how big the Lubar star

1989
01:14:39,370 --> 01:14:37,340
she would be I think it's like hundreds

1990
01:14:42,010 --> 01:14:39,380
oh yeah so Lubar a would be a hundred

1991
01:14:43,360 --> 01:14:42,020
meters or something but there's a one of

1992
01:14:47,040 --> 01:14:43,370
the appendices a hundred years but

1993
01:14:49,210 --> 01:14:47,050
there's designs of my community yeah so

1994
01:14:50,470 --> 01:14:49,220
truncated wavelength range if you wanted

1995
01:14:52,180 --> 01:14:50,480
to and then you could shrink your stars

1996
01:14:53,590 --> 01:14:52,190
right so I think a live wire you could

1997
01:14:55,420 --> 01:14:53,600
get away with the star shade that's not

1998
01:14:58,690 --> 01:14:55,430
much bigger than the 52 meters that have

1999
01:15:00,190 --> 01:14:58,700
X does so as much as I think those of us

2000
01:15:01,360 --> 01:15:00,200
but I'm working on have X and Lavar I

2001
01:15:03,460 --> 01:15:01,370
think that we're going to be done in

2002
01:15:05,710 --> 01:15:03,470
August when we submit our final reports

2003
01:15:07,600 --> 01:15:05,720
I suspect there's gonna be more work

2004
01:15:09,850 --> 01:15:07,610
that has to be done later to try to

2005
01:15:11,560 --> 01:15:09,860
bridge the gap between the Havoc's and

2006
01:15:13,450 --> 01:15:11,570
which is a four meter with a star shade

2007
01:15:15,520 --> 01:15:13,460
and Louvre RB which is eight meters

2008
01:15:17,470 --> 01:15:15,530
without a star shade to see if there's

2009
01:15:18,970 --> 01:15:17,480
some intermediate architecture that we

2010
01:15:21,400 --> 01:15:18,980
can take advantage of the star shade and

2011
01:15:22,180 --> 01:15:21,410
the chronograph apologies to the folks

2012
01:15:23,350 --> 01:15:22,190
still at the mics

2013
01:15:25,150 --> 01:15:23,360
I'm gonna have to move on to closing

2014
01:15:27,310 --> 01:15:25,160
remarks for the session so everyone can

2015
01:15:28,960 --> 01:15:27,320
get to coffee two things one if you

2016
01:15:30,760 --> 01:15:28,970
still have questions a couple great

2017
01:15:32,680 --> 01:15:30,770
places to ask them are coming up on the

2018
01:15:33,940 --> 01:15:32,690
agenda later this morning in this

2019
01:15:35,830 --> 01:15:33,950
afternoon first the character's

2020
01:15:37,510 --> 01:15:35,840
characterizing exoplanet habitability in

2021
01:15:39,010 --> 01:15:37,520
life a future space observatory sessions

2022
01:15:40,720 --> 01:15:39,020
one and two which vicki has mentioned a

2023
01:15:41,770 --> 01:15:40,730
few times actually these folks were

2024
01:15:43,120 --> 01:15:41,780
originally going to present in that

2025
01:15:44,680 --> 01:15:43,130
session they kind of got pulled up to

2026
01:15:46,090 --> 01:15:44,690
the plenary and we back filled with

2027
01:15:47,410 --> 01:15:46,100
early career folks so we're really

2028
01:15:48,880 --> 01:15:47,420
excited about that

2029
01:15:50,230 --> 01:15:48,890
and then second that you might have

2030
01:15:51,600 --> 01:15:50,240
heard me mention Carl's the chief

2031
01:15:53,920 --> 01:15:51,610
scientist for the NASA exoplanet

2032
01:15:56,710 --> 01:15:53,930
exploration program office and said what

2033
01:16:00,190 --> 01:15:56,720
is that well you can find out today at

2034
01:16:01,360 --> 01:16:00,200
lunch between 12:20 and 1:20 p.m. those

2035
01:16:03,430 --> 01:16:01,370
are both in the agenda if you need to

2036
01:16:04,750 --> 01:16:03,440
find this specific room and then lastly

2037
01:16:06,610 --> 01:16:04,760
this was mentioned as part of the panel

2038
01:16:09,280 --> 01:16:06,620
discussion and following dr. Pilcher's

2039
01:16:11,170 --> 01:16:09,290
comments I really do believe that all

2040
01:16:13,600 --> 01:16:11,180
scientific endeavors require diverse set

2041
01:16:14,470 --> 01:16:13,610
of voices to participate but I think

2042
01:16:16,060 --> 01:16:14,480
that's particularly true for

2043
01:16:17,290 --> 01:16:16,070
interdisciplinary endeavors such as the

2044
01:16:20,049 --> 01:16:17,300
ones where we heard about this morning

2045
01:16:21,790 --> 01:16:20,059
we'll hear about all week so in that to

2046
01:16:23,560 --> 01:16:21,800
support that we've got some events going

2047
01:16:26,260 --> 01:16:23,570
on at Epps icon this week starting with

2048
01:16:28,930 --> 01:16:26,270
tonight at 5:15 and allies and advocates

2049
01:16:31,240 --> 01:16:28,940
an astrobiology discussion on diversity

2050
01:16:33,520 --> 01:16:31,250
and inclusive inclusivity at 4:00 p.m.

2051
01:16:35,410 --> 01:16:33,530
on Wednesday a session on fostering

2052
01:16:38,439 --> 01:16:35,420
inclusive education practices from K to

2053
01:16:40,510 --> 01:16:38,449
12 two funding agencies and at 1:30 p.m.

2054
01:16:42,310 --> 01:16:40,520
on Thursday growing the astrobiology

2055
01:16:44,080 --> 01:16:42,320
field inviting K to 12 undergraduates

2056
01:16:45,549 --> 01:16:44,090
underrepresented groups citizen

2057
01:16:47,799 --> 01:16:45,559
scientists and the public into the

2058
01:16:49,720 --> 01:16:47,809
search for life and its origins and one

2059
01:16:50,950 --> 01:16:49,730
last announcement also tonight we have a

2060
01:16:52,870 --> 01:16:50,960
public event at the University of

2061
01:16:55,120 --> 01:16:52,880
Washington it is the public event for

2062
01:16:58,149 --> 01:16:55,130
this meeting it's only about a 10 minute

2063
01:16:59,709 --> 01:16:58,159
taxi uber lyft whatever a 20 minute ride

2064
01:17:01,330 --> 01:16:59,719
away across the bridge depending on how

2065
01:17:04,959 --> 01:17:01,340
much how many cars are on the bridge at

2066
01:17:06,459 --> 01:17:04,969
the time the title of that is the search

2067
01:17:08,350 --> 01:17:06,469
for extraterrestrial life what's it all

2068
01:17:10,720 --> 01:17:08,360
about we have a lot of our current and

2069
01:17:12,100 --> 01:17:10,730
former bloomberg chairs of astrobiology

2070
01:17:13,959 --> 01:17:12,110
at the Library of Congress that will be

2071
01:17:17,379 --> 01:17:13,969
part of that I'm looking forward to that

2072
01:17:18,939 --> 01:17:17,389
as well on so I hope you attend oh and

2073
01:17:21,339 --> 01:17:18,949
Morgan has something to announce

2074
01:17:23,950 --> 01:17:21,349
yes go ahead sorry Mary sent me up here

2075
01:17:25,390 --> 01:17:23,960
I'm part of the organizing committee my

2076
01:17:27,479 --> 01:17:25,400
name is Morgan cable and I just wanted

2077
01:17:29,530 --> 01:17:27,489
to point out in creating a safe

2078
01:17:31,689 --> 01:17:29,540
environments as part of this conference

2079
01:17:33,310 --> 01:17:31,699
we do have a code of conduct that's on

2080
01:17:35,620 --> 01:17:33,320
the apps icon website I encourage you to

2081
01:17:36,939 --> 01:17:35,630
check it out of course we have

2082
01:17:38,740 --> 01:17:36,949
absolutely zero tolerance for any

2083
01:17:40,780 --> 01:17:38,750
discrimination or harassment of any kind

2084
01:17:43,870 --> 01:17:40,790
if you do have any questions feel free

2085
01:17:46,959 --> 01:17:43,880
to stop and ask me Vikki or any of the

2086
01:17:48,310 --> 01:17:46,969
other members of the SOC and of course

2087
01:17:53,020 --> 01:17:48,320
if you see something say something

2088
01:17:55,450 --> 01:17:53,030
thank you thanks Morgan for that and

2089
01:17:57,250 --> 01:17:55,460
then lastly I want to do the the formal

2090
01:17:58,419 --> 01:17:57,260
thank-yous for the session I don't think

2091
01:18:00,790 --> 01:17:58,429
all of you for your attention I think

2092
01:18:02,859 --> 01:18:00,800
this is the largest and certainly the

2093
01:18:04,600 --> 01:18:02,869
most diverse audience that has seen the

2094
01:18:06,370 --> 01:18:04,610
presentation of these decadal survey

2095
01:18:09,220 --> 01:18:06,380
mission concepts so thank you for being

2096
01:18:11,740 --> 01:18:09,230
here thank you to the speakers and and

2097
01:18:13,540 --> 01:18:11,750
my co-chair and the SOC for letting us

2098
01:18:17,320 --> 01:18:13,550
have this today and thank you forever